美军飞机易损性实弹测试现状及启示

飞机易损性分析与评估是指对飞机在战斗状态下遭受攻击后受损的难易程度的评价,是衡量飞机战斗性能的重要指标。研究飞机易损性对于飞机高生存力设计和飞机战伤预测评估具有重要意义。本文首先简要介绍了飞机易损性分析的一般方法与流程,收集并整理了美军飞机易损性实弹测试的历史沿革和条件建设现状,同时以F-35整机、F135发动机和C27机翼油箱为例介绍了易损性实弹测试的方法。可以发现,在制度层面上,美军已经形成了由实弹测试机构、装备供应商以及军队用户三方联合协作的标准化、制度化的飞机易损性实弹测试体系;同时,其所建立的实弹测试平台力求更加真实地模拟战场环境,能够有效实现部件/子系统在特定工况下使用功能的监控,测试结果能够有效支撑飞机毁伤树与部件/子系统毁伤判据的构建,从而确保测试结果可以有效指导飞机的低易损性设计。

Progress on live fire tests and assessment of aircraft vulnerability in the US Armed Forces

Aircraft vulnerability analysis and evaluation refers to the assessment of the difficulty of causing damage to aircraft when they are attacked in combat. It is an important indicator of the combat performance of aircraft. It is important to study the vulnerability of aircraft as it contributes to their safe design as well as the prediction and evaluation of damage to them in battle. This article first briefly introduces the general methods and procedures of aircraft vulnerability analysis, collects and organizes data on the historical evolution of and conditions for the formulation of aircraft vulnerability testing by the US military, and considers the full-scale F-35 test, F135 engine test, and C27 wing fuel tank test as examples to propose a method of live fire testing to assess aircraft vulnerability. The results show that at the legislative level, the US military has formed a standardized and institutionalized live fire testing system for aircraft vulnerability that is jointly coordinated by live fire testing agencies, equipment suppliers, and military users. At the same time, the live fire test platform established by the US military strives to simulate the battlefield environment, and can effectively monitor the service condition of components/subsystems in specific situations. The results here support the fault tree and component/subsystem damage criteria, and can guide the low-vulnerability design of combat aircraft.