基于二阶Keystone的微弱运动目标检测

雷达技术是为了探测远距离目标而发展起来的。弹载雷达处理回波信号,实现对移动目标的测速与测距。微弱运动目标的"远距、低可探测、高机动"性使传统的检测方法难以识别、探测、跟踪。为提高对这类目标的检测能力,常会对信号进行积累。但由于目标的运动,长时间积累会产生跨越距离走动单元与跨速度单元现象。研究了匀加速运动目标回波信号模型,分析其中引起距离走动的分项,分析比较用一阶与二阶Keystone算法校正距离走动的效果,选择用CZT-IFFT(Chirp-Z transformation-inverse fast fourier transform)的方法实现二阶Keystone校正距离弯曲与距离走动,并对比了不同校正方法的信噪比改善效果。     

FFT-MTD滤波器组优化设计与仿真

介绍了用FFT算法实现雷达信号动目标检测(MTD)的方法,为提升MTD在强杂波环境下的检测性能,对加权FFT优化MTD时窗函数的选取进行了讨论,比较了6种窗函数加权时FFT等效多普勒滤波器组的幅频特性和改善因子,得出了适合于MTD的最佳窗函数,并针对某型雷达信号体制进行了仿真分析和验证,结果表明优化方法增强了MTD在杂波背景下的检测性能.     

惯导辅助的三元天线阵欺骗干扰检测算法

对欺骗信号的到达角检测是目前最有效的欺骗检测方法之一,常用的到达角检测又分为载波相位单差和载波相位双差检测。载波相位单差检测技术不能应用于运动载体,载波相位双差技术对多阵元发射的欺骗信号或单路欺骗信号失效。针对该问题,提出一种惯导辅助的三元天线阵欺骗干扰检测技术,该算法主要应用于车辆运动载体,运动载体只需在某一时间段内运动一段距离即可利用该算法进行欺骗干扰检测。该算法对多阵元发射的欺骗信号或单路欺骗信号都同样有效。通过理论分析和仿真实验验证了所提方法的有效性,并得出天线阵基线长度越长,运动位移越大、欺骗源距离接收天线越近,信号入射方向与天线位移方向夹角越接近90°,该方法检测性能越优的结论。     

一种基于最大似然估计的ISAR自聚焦算法

自聚焦是ISAR成像中的一项关键技术,其目的是消除目标和雷达的径向运动引起的相位误差。从ISAR信号模型出发,推导得到了相位误差的最大似然估计,并给出了一种基于最大似然估计的ISAR自聚焦算法。该算法采用了相位梯度算法(PGA)的处理结构,利用了多个距离单元上的散射点信号。算法中没有孤立散射点的要求,不需要相位解模糊,并且消除了相位误差估计中积累误差的影响,提高了相位误差的估计精度。将该算法应用于实测数据的ISAR成像中,得到了较好的聚焦结果。     

基于MDCFT的天空双基地雷达机动目标检测方法

针对天空双基地雷达高速机动目标的距离徙动和多普勒频谱扩展问题,在建立目标回波信号模型及分析目标距离和多普勒徙动特性的基础上,提出了一种适用于该体制雷达的高速机动目标检测方法。首先对脉压回波信号采用Keystone变换校正距离徙动;其次对离散线性调频傅里叶变换(discrete chirp-Fourier transform,DCFT)进行修正,完成对目标加速度大小和频率因子的估计;然后根据构造的二次相位补偿函数,实现多普勒徙动补偿;最后对补偿后回波信号进行相参积累检测。仿真结果表明,所提方法对目标径向加速度的估计更准确能有效对高速机动目标回波能量进行相参积累,提高了在低信噪比条件下的检测性能。     

去调频处理中空变相位误差补偿方法

调频连续波具有较长的脉宽和较大的信号带宽,通常采用去调频的处理方式,但是,去调频的处理会引入空变的相位误差。从去调频的处理方式入手,根据发射信号相位误差缓变的特点,提出了依据发射信号相位误差模型补偿空变相位误差的方法,并在理论上对该方法进行了推导。该补偿方法分为两步,从差频信号中去除发射信号相位误差,在残余视频相位误差校正之后,通过与补偿函数相乘去除剩余的相位误差。仿真和实测的实验结果表明,该方法能够克服目标距离的限制,有效地补偿空变相位误差带来的影响,提高脉压水平。提出的误差补偿方法能够很好地平衡系统负载、误差补偿精度和算法开销,具有较强实用性。     

一种新的高分辨极化目标检测方法

针对宽带毫米波高分辨雷达体制 ,研究了杂波环境中的目标检测问题。提出了极化域线性积累滤波的思路以提高雷达接收信号的信杂比 ,在此基础上利用宽带波形固有的径向高分辨力对目标进行一维距离成像 ,估计出回波中强散射点的数量和分布 ,通过对不同径向分辨单元内的强散射点进行整体检测 ,可进一步有效地提高信杂比 ,改善雷达的检测性能。最后在毫米波段的实验仿真结果表明该方法是一种非常有效的扩展目标检测方法     

调频连续波ISAR目标微多普勒特征分析

分析了调频连续波逆合成孔径雷达(FMCW-ISAR)的回波信号特性,讨论了脉冲持续时间内目标连续运动引起的多普勒频移对成像的影响,推导出导致一维距离像主瓣展宽和走动的相位因子,并进一步研究了该相位因子对基于调频连续波逆合成孔径雷达的目标微多普勒特征的影响,在此基础上讨论了调频连续波逆合成孔径雷达目标微多普勒特征与脉冲式逆合成孔径雷达目标微多普勒特征的主要区别.最后的仿真试验验证了理论分析的正确性.     

机载PD雷达宽带线性调频信号运动补偿

采用宽带线性调频信号能够显著地提高雷达的距离分辨率和抗干扰能力,然而雷达与目标间的相对运动损耗了部分目标回波相参积累能量,影响目标频率向和距离向分辨力。针对以上问题,提出了一种基于改进匹配滤波函数的运动补偿方法,补偿信号回波中的相位误差,实现宽带线性调频信号目标运动运动补偿。实验与仿真结果证明了该算法的有效性。     

基于零点匹配的弹体构件超声检测方法

针对弹体坯料构件检测效率较低的问题,提出了一种基于零点匹配的超声检测原理。零点匹配原理是基于被检构件在做周期性的匀速旋转过程中自身曲率变化的规律提出的,表现为探头与构件下表面的距离变化。利用小波分析的方法对含有噪声的周期距离信号进行降噪处理,并采用求不同检测截面间周期信号的互相关函数的方法,对各截面零点进行一致性判断,根据判断结果进行零点匹配。该方法有效缩短了零点传感器进行零点判断过程所需的等待时间,有效提高了构件检测的效率。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.