附加运动约束的MEMS惯性传感器融合定姿算法

针对MEMS惯性传感器因精度低、误差随时间累积导致无法满足长时间姿态测量要求的问题,提出了一种附加运动约束的姿态估计方法,即在以陀螺仪解算的姿态信息作为系统预测、以加速度计与磁强计解算的姿态信息作为系统量测的基础上,将载体运动约束作为虚拟观测量输入滤波器。同时,针对传统EKF算法精度不高的问题,提出了一种新的滤波融合算法,即迭代更新扩展卡尔曼滤波(iterated update extended Kalman filter,IU-EKF)。新算法通过将当前量测信息逐步引入量测更新过程实现后验状态估计,从而达到减弱观测模型非线性、提高滤波估计精度的目的。数值仿真结果表明:本文算法的姿态估计精度较传统的"双矢量法+EKF"模式有大幅提升。     

低成本微小型无人机航姿测量系统设计

根据微小型无人机航姿测量需求,利用MEMS传感器设计了一种低成本的航姿测量系统．针对低成本MEMS陀螺仪本身漂移较大、容易发散、无法完成较长时间较高精度测量的特点,提出一种实时性强、计算量小的信息融合方法．利用地球重力场、地磁场2个参考向量,采用互补滤波对不同传感器的数据进行融合,实现提高该航姿测量系统测量精度的目的．实验结果表明,该航姿测量系统的更新速率达到450Hz,姿态角测量误差〈1°,航向角测量误差〈2°,能够满足微小型无人机航向和姿态测量需求．     

GFSINS角速度代数提取算法设计

针对无陀螺捷联惯导系统(GFSINS)获取的姿态角信息包含角加速度项、角速度平方项以及角速度交叉乘积项的特点,在姿态角速度开方算法的基础上设计了对数提取算法.该算法充分利用计算机对数运算的特点,通过简单的代数运算避免了以往姿态角提取时积分过程存在误差积累、开方过程存在的符号判断和除法溢出的问题.仿真结果表明,该算法在精度和稳定性方面均要优于现有的积分算法和开方算法,可以为后续高精度姿态信息提取算法提供输入.     

微小型飞行器多传感器融合容积姿态估计北大核心

针对微机电系统(MEMs)陀螺仪精度低、噪声大且误差随时间累积的问题,扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)线性化误差的问题和无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)时间耗费大的问题,提出了一种欧拉角容积卡尔曼滤波(CKF)姿态估计方法。建立了欧拉角姿态运动学模型,以姿态角为状态量、加速度计和磁强计输出解算得到的姿态角为观测量,采用容积数值积分理论来计算非线性函数的均值与方差,实现了多传感器辅助的微小型飞行器(MAVs)CKF姿态估计方法。仿真结果表明:估计精度方面,CKF与UKF相当,优于EKF;滤波稳定性方面,CKF与UKF相当,显著优于EKF;时间耗费方面,CKF优于UKF。     

地磁陀螺复合测姿系统误差补偿方法

针对三维地磁姿态检测系统不能独立求解姿态角的问题,提出了一种基于地磁陀螺复合的弹丸姿态检测方法,在分析MEMS陀螺误差来源的基础上,建立了二维MEMS陀螺的误差模型,通过最小二乘法拟合求得误差补偿系数,最后利用补偿算法对二维MEMS陀螺的两路角速度输出矢量进行校正。经过一系列实验,结果表明,校正后的角速度矢量的零偏基本消除,误差波动幅值明显减小,利用角速度矢量计算得到的偏航角误差减小到1.757 7°,测量精度提高提高近12倍,基本能够满足三维地磁传感器姿态检测系统对外部基准角的要求。     

基于计算机视觉的浮空器姿态测量方法

置于浮空器之上的光电跟踪设备必须采用视轴稳定技术,准确获取浮空器的姿态角信息是实现视轴稳定的重要基础。提出了一种利用计算机视觉实现姿态角测量的方法,通过地面上设置三条共面的不平行直线,依据中心投影关系矩阵推导浮空器姿态角解算模型,并列出线性方程组进行求解。实验结果表明姿态角测量误差小于0.2°,证明了算法的有效性。     

采用终端滑模控制实现交会对接逼近段姿态跟踪

针对交会对接逼近段追踪器的姿态控制问题,采用反馈线性化理论推导了非线性姿态动力学方程的相变量模型.基于导出的姿控模型,引入模型误差和随机噪声,结合终端滑模控制理论,给出了能够在有限时间内完成姿态跟踪,并使状态跟踪误差收敛的控制律的设计方法.对具有扰动项的系统,仿真结果仍能满足交会任务对时间的要求,且姿态角跟踪误差趋于0,说明控制律对相变量系统的姿态跟踪控制具有较好的鲁棒性.     

微小型飞行器多传感器融合容积姿态估计

针对微机电系统(MEMs)陀螺仪精度低、噪声大且误差随时间累积的问题,扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)线性化误差的问题和无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)时间耗费大的问题,提出了一种欧拉角容积卡尔曼滤波(CKF)姿态估计方法。建立了欧拉角姿态运动学模型,以姿态角为状态量、加速度计和磁强计输出解算得到的姿态角为观测量,采用容积数值积分理论来计算非线性函数的均值与方差,实现了多传感器辅助的微小型飞行器(MAVs)CKF姿态估计方法。仿真结果表明:估计精度方面,CKF与UKF相当,优于EKF;滤波稳定性方面,CKF与UKF相当,显著优于EKF;时间耗费方面,CKF优于UKF。     

改变系统结构的多环姿态跟踪控制

针对航天器姿态跟踪控制中存在稳态误差和转动惯量摄动未知的问题,给出一种高精度自适应姿态跟踪控制策略。通过扩展姿态动力学系统结构,将姿态角积分项引入姿态控制器中,以消除稳态误差和提升姿态跟踪精度,给出扩展系统的期望轨迹设置方法。给出一种结构更为简化的多环递归跟踪控制策略,结合自适应估计设计了自适应多环递归姿态跟踪控制器。与滑模自适应控制器对比仿真,验证了方法的优越性。     

三线圈滚转姿态角测量系统建模与设计

为了对制导弹药进行精确定姿,需要准确测量弹丸滚转姿态角,首先建立三线圈滚转姿态角测量系统模型,详细阐述了系统工作原理,介绍了系统硬件设计方法及软件设计思想.通过使用三个磁感应线圈传感器对人工磁场及地磁场进行测量,并结合相应滚转角解算算法,可实时计算出弹丸滚转姿态角.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Panjwai: a tale of two COINs in Afghanistan

The US Army has two approaches to counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan. One is hard, or combat-focused, and the other is soft, or development-focused. This study examines two US Army task forces deployed to Panjwai District, Afghanistan from 2012 to 2013. CTF 4-9 and 1-38 offer a meaningful comparison because they pursued these contrasting approaches among the same population and against the same enemy at the same time and place. The study compares each unit’s approach and finds that neither approach was successful absent the other. The article concludes by recommending further research into combining the approaches at the operational level.     

线性核时频信号表示及其仿真

根据ｃｈｉｒｐ信号在模糊域的特点,本文提出了线性核时频表示方法。这种方法在提高分辨率、消除交叉项以及抑制噪声等方面都具有较高的性能。理论分析和实验结果都证实了这种方法的有效性     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

Forecasting a Hurricane: Israeli and American Estimations of the Khomeini Revolution

The surprising ‘Arab Spring’ raises the question as to what would enable national intelligence to provide high quality warnings prior to the eruption of popular revolutions. This article uses new sources of evidence to trace and explain Israel's success in comparison to US failure at correctly estimating the course of the Iranian Revolution in 1977–79. In explaining this variance, the article shows that it was mainly the result of the intimate acquaintance of Israel's representatives in Iran with the local language, history and culture, as well as the ability to communicate with locals – tools which the Americans completely lacked.     

关于教师继续教育培训模式的思考

继续教育作为终身教育的重要组成部分和基本形式,对教师的发展成长意义重大。继续教育工作开展十多年来,取得了一定的成绩,但还存在不少问题,如学习动机较为被动,管理认识不到位,教学内容陈旧空泛,教学方法呆板机械等。随着课程改革的不断深入,继续教育必须采取相应的改进措施,树立以人为本,服务至上的观点,教学内容的前瞻性与实用性并重,教学人员进行整合,教学方法灵活多样,评价考核规范科学等,以此激活受训教师内在的学习动机,更大程度地提高继续教育培训的实际效果。     

用DirectShow实现网络视频

目前市场上的网络监控技术一般用昂贵的硬件设备来支撑,投资较大。在深入研究微软的DirectX9.0的基础上,提出如何用DirectShow软件技术和普通的数字摄像头来实现网络视频的监控和实现技术,内容涉及通信协议、视频的编码与解码技术、视频的编码格式和COM组件编程技术等,最终的实验结果令人满意,且费用低廉,技术可靠,为在高速局域网内构建视频监控系统提供有效的技术支持。     

Interpreting the Ribchester Helmet

In 1796 a 13-year-old boy playing on wasteland behind his father’s house in Ribchester, Lancashire discovered an assemblage of over 30 Roman artefacts, including a decorated brass helmet. Although partially corroded the Ribchester helmet is a fine example of a first-century AD cavalry sports helmet. This article considers how the interpretation of the helmet has evolved since its discovery. The multi-faceted iconography of the helmet with its mural crown diadem is that of an elite soldier and is paralleled in other examples of cavalry sports helmets of the Ribchester type. The long-neglected imagery on the helmet bowl is reinterpreted and seen not as a haphazard collection of randomly placed combatants but as a highly structured, symmetrical composition specifically designed to be viewed from different directions.     

Desert insurgency: lessons from the third Tuareg rebellion

This article provides an in-depth examination and analysis of the 2006–2009 Tuareg rebellion in Mali and Niger. It identifies the underlying reasons behind the rebellion, explores contrasting counter-insurgency (COIN) strategies employed by the two governments, and presents some lessons learned. While both COIN approaches ultimately produced similar peace settlements, the article argues that the Malian strategy of reconciliation combined with the selective use of force was far more effective than the Nigerien iron fist approach at limiting the size and scope of the insurgency and producing a more sustainable peace. It concludes by looking at the role of external actors, particularly the United States, and how the failure to internationalize the conflict was actually more beneficial to the local COIN effort, as well as to the longer strategic interests of the United States in the region.