剪切来流条件下的涡生振荡机理的数值研究

将指数极坐标系建立在运动的圆柱上,推导了运动坐标中剪切来流条件下,涡生振荡的涡量-流函数守恒方程及其初始和边界条件,圆柱表面的水动力表达式以及圆柱振荡方程。对圆柱从静止开始振荡,到发展为稳定振荡状态进行了计算和讨论,描述了脱体涡街的发展过程,升阻力相图的连续变形和漂移,圆柱振荡和平衡位置的变化过程。并研究了涡生振荡终态随剪切度K的变化。结果表明,剪切来流给流场加入了背景涡,使圆柱的上涡增强而下涡减弱,流场的对称性被破坏。随着剪切度K的增大,涡街的倾斜程度增大,压力曲线的漂移量增大,由此导致升力的绝对值增大,圆柱的振幅增大且平衡位置向圆柱下侧的漂移也越大。     

开式方腔可压缩流动及噪声LES计算分析

采用基于低色散、低耗散计算气动声学方法的LES技术计算分析了Mach 1.4和Mach 0.6三维开式方腔可压缩振荡流动及其诱导的强噪声环境.通过与已有实验和数值结果对比,证实了本文开发的LES计算程序的可靠性.深入分析LES空腔流计算结果,表明超声速来流条件下剪切层大尺度涡结构与空腔后缘撞击形成了声-流耦合自持振荡的...     

加热对圆柱绕流影响的热线测量

首次给出了风洞中加热圆柱涡脱落受加热功率控制的热线测量结果。实验表明:当Re>Re_c时,加热使涡脱落频率f下降,甚至完全抑制涡脱落;加热使涡脱落处于临界状态时,其涡脱落频率f_c与来流风速U成正比;加热可影响圆柱绕流的涡脱落模式,使热线功率谱的单峰变为双峰。     

一种双圆柱绕流流场及流噪声数值计算方法

为了探究数值计算方法在气动声学计算中的准确性,基于变分原理的Lighthill声类比理论,数值模拟了三维串列双圆柱的气动噪声。为了获得噪声源,采用大涡模拟(LES)求解不可压非定常的流场。计算得到的双圆柱流场特性和声学特性与试验吻合得很好。上游圆柱的涡脱落与下游圆柱抨击引起的特征线谱噪声特性也得到很好的预测。     

涡环旋转伞流固耦合特性分析

以一种典型的涡环旋转伞为研究对象,采用任意拉格朗日-欧拉流固耦合方法模拟其在无限质量条件下的充气展开过程。计算得到了涡环旋转伞的充气展开和转速、开伞动载等时程变化曲线以及稳态阶段伞周围流场变化规律、伞衣织物的结构强度等流固耦合特性。结果表明:涡环旋转伞在来流12m/s时稳定转速约为3.1r/s,伞衣幅充满外形饱满,与伞塔试验结果吻合;稳态阶段涡环旋转伞上方产生大量涡核,涡核中心的连线类似于空间螺旋线;涡环旋转伞的阻力系数大于一般结构轴对称降落伞;伞衣幅与伞绳连接区域以及边缘区域应力明显高于伞衣幅平均应力水平。     

KP458螺旋桨水动力及空泡特性研究

以螺旋桨(KP458)为研究对象,研究其空泡流场特性。首先通过梢涡区域划分及网格加密,对螺旋桨(KP458)在无空化均匀流条件下进行敞水性能数值模拟,建立螺旋桨流场数值预报模型,并对4套网格进行不确定度分析。将计算结果与实验数据进行对比,然后应用Schnerr-Sauer空化模型数值模拟。通过将试验结果与螺旋桨(VP1304)水动力及空泡特性仿真结果进行对比,无空化流场与空化流场中的推力、扭矩系数误差均低于8%左右,以此验证数值计算模型的可行性。研究表明：采用的数值模型具有良好的精度,螺旋网格加密能够捕捉螺旋桨产生的梢涡;KP458螺旋桨在进速系数较低时有较为明显的梢涡空泡产生,随着进速系数增大空泡面积逐渐减小且梢涡空泡消失,螺旋桨的梢涡强度逐渐减小且梢涡融合现象发生越早。     

导弹箱式垂直热发射过程燃气流冲击效应研究

为了研究导弹箱式垂直热发射过程燃气流场对导弹及发射装置的影响,使用计算流体力学方法,将燃气流场与导弹运动耦合计算,采用域动分层动网格更新方法模拟了导弹的发射过程,采用多组分冻结流计算燃气流场,得到了导弹热发射过程中流场分布及导弹、发射箱的热、力载荷分布情况,并采用发射试验进行了验证。研究结果表明,导弹在箱内运动过程中,弹表面基本为负压,各测点导弹截面出箱以后,压力迅速升高为一个大气压;在点火时刻弹尾部产生一个775 K的温度峰值,在整个运动过程中,弹表面温度基本保持在300 K;发射箱的温度变化经历先升高,出箱后降低,运动一段距离到超临界状态又升高,随着导弹远离发射箱,箱内表面温度逐渐降低;导弹运动过程中,发射箱内基本为负压,喷管运动至观测点截面附近时,该观测点压力降至最低,之后缓慢升高,到超临界状态,压力下降形成一个波谷,随着导弹远离发射箱,箱内壁面压力逐渐升高为一个大气压。     

随行波表面减阻降噪机理探索

通过对随行波表面特殊流场的数值模拟研究,探讨了随行波表面存在减阻降噪效果的内在机理.针对随行波表面流场的特点,在数值计算过程中对其计算域、计算网络及其流动参数进行了合理化的处理.模拟结果表明随行波表面存在减阻降噪效果的内在机理在于:随行波表面连续的沟槽结构使得壁面附近的流动在波谷处产生了稳定的二次流,即来流在随行波表面引发形成一排平行人工涡,从而使自由来流在平行人工涡上流动,而不与壳体表面接触,起到了类似"滚柱轴承"的作用,从而达到减阻降噪的目的.对随行波表面流场的模拟研究,对深入揭示其潜在减阻降噪机理具有一定的意义.     

全附体潜艇模型回转运动流场数值模拟

为研究潜艇的回转运动,在RANS方程中引入旋转坐标系科氏力和艇体惯性离心力,并采用分块结构化网格技术,对全附体潜艇模型回转运动的流场进行了CFD数值模拟。首先,推导了旋转坐标系下流场计算的控制方程,给出了科氏力和艇体惯性离心力的表达式,并将其引入到动量方程中;然后,采用RNGk-ε湍流模型以及用户自定义函数方法设置了计算边界条件,数值模拟了全附体潜艇模型(DRAPA SUBOFF)的操舵定常回转运动流场;最后,分析了所计算流场的速度、压力和涡的分布及形态,分析表明计算结果符合其规律性。     

固体火箭发动机声涡耦合数值仿真

研究固体火箭发动机工作中发生的声涡耦合导致的不稳定燃烧,以及燃烧室空腔变化对压力振荡的影响。对VKI缩比发动机流场采用大涡模拟(LES)方法进行数值模拟,确定数值方法可行。采用有限元和大涡模拟结合的方法,对某固体火箭发动机声涡耦合进行仿真分析,对声场分别采用理论方法和有限元数值方法对声模态和声学特性计算,确定有限元方法精度可靠及大涡模拟方法对流场旋涡流动不稳定捕捉准确,计算结果和试验中压力振荡结果相符。表明研究的该固体火箭发动机发生了声涡耦合引起的纵向1阶声不稳定,且获得了自由容积对压力振荡频率及幅值的影响规律。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.