通用扩张状态观测器鲁棒飞行控制方法

针对存在参数不确定、外界干扰与测量噪声情况下飞行控制问题,提出一种基于通用扩张状态观测器的鲁棒飞行控制方法。首先基于状态相关的Riccati方程（SDRE）控制方法,对飞行器俯仰通道非线性模型进行扩展线性化;而后引入基于通用扩张状态观测器的控制方法,设计干扰补偿增益,实现对外界干扰的估计与补偿;最后通过在线解算状态相关矩阵及代数黎卡提方程,得出状态反馈增益与干扰补偿增益,实现对飞行器期望攻角的跟踪控制。通过与已有方法进行对比,验证了本文所提方法不仅对系统模型不确定性与外界干扰具有较强鲁棒性,而且在较大测量噪声情况下,其依然能够保证良好的跟踪控制效果,具有较强的工程应用价值。     

基于干扰观测器的无人翼伞反步控制方法

针对干扰条件下的无人翼伞飞行器曲线路径跟踪控制,提出了一种基于非线性干扰观测器的可变增益反步控制方法。针对基于模拟对象方法的路径跟踪误差模型,设计了可变增益反步跟踪控制律,采用二阶跟踪-微分器设计干扰观测器对系统复合干扰进行估计和补偿,在保证稳定性的同时提高系统的鲁棒性。将控制器用于无人翼伞飞行器平面曲线路径跟踪控制中,仿真结果表明,所设计的控制器可以在复合干扰作用下实现期望路径的准确跟踪,且具有很好的鲁棒性。     

基于动态逆的高超声速飞行器滑模控制律设计

针对具有严重非线性、多变量强耦合以及参数不确定性等特点的高超声速飞行器模型,提出基于动态逆的高超声速飞行器滑模控制方法,设计俯仰通道多输入多输出(MIMO)系统控制律。基于反馈线性化方法对高超声速飞行器非线性模型进行处理,对系统存在的不确定性和外界干扰,采用滑模变结构控制策略进行补偿。引入非线性干扰观测器,对系统干扰进行观测,降低滑模控制项的增益,继而削弱滑模控制带来的抖振。仿真结果表明,所设计的控制律能够实现对指令信号的良好跟踪,具有较快的响应速度,能够保证系统在不确定存在情况下的稳定性和鲁棒性。     

基于MPC和ESO-DO的四旋翼轨迹跟踪控制

针对扰动作用和模型不确定性下四旋翼无人机精确轨迹跟踪控制问题,提出了一种主动干扰抑制和模型预测控制(Model Predictive Control, MPC)策略。模型预测控制器通过扩张状态观测器(Extended State Observer, ESO)和扰动观测器(Disturbance Observer, DO)来估计和补偿干扰,从而实现位置环精确控制。在存在外部干扰和参数不确定性的情况下,通过仿真实验,证明了所提出的方法提高了对建模误差和干扰的鲁棒性,同时实现了对参考轨迹的平滑跟踪。     

带有模糊干扰观测器的高超声速飞行器一体化制导控制方法

为充分利用高超声速飞行器在俯冲段的质心运动与绕质心运动之间的耦合作用和飞行过程中的不确定性,基于模糊干扰观测器提出三维一体化制导与控制问题。根据飞行器的动力学方程以及飞行器-目标的视线角相对运动方程,推导出适用于倾斜转弯控制的一体化制导控制模型。针对模型中的不确定性采用模糊干扰观测器进行补偿,并使用块动态面方法设计一种一体化制导控制律。通过选取适当的李雅普诺夫函数证明闭环系统状态的一致毕竟有界性。仿真结果验证了该一体化制导控制方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

变质心再入飞行器自抗扰控制器设计(英文)

再入飞行器采用变质心控制不但可以保持较好的气动外形,还町以增大机动能力,但变质心控制较强的非线性和耦合性大大增加了控制系统设计难度,使控制器设计和实施的代价较高。针对这一问题,基于自抗扰控制技术,设计了变质心再入飞行器双通道解耦控制器。通过构造连续光滑扩张状态观测器,不加区分飞行器的各类干扰与耦合,对其统一进行估计:利用非线性状态反馈控制律,并自适应调节控制参数对其进行补偿,实现对飞行器姿态的解耦控制。仿真结果表明:该方法大大降低了对系统模型精度的要求与控制器设计实施代价,对变质心再入飞行器非线性、耦合性以及参数摄动具有较强的鲁棒性。     

基于模糊干扰观测器的高超声速飞行器一体化制导控制方法

为充分利用高超声速飞行器在俯冲段的质心运动与绕质心运动之间的耦合作用和飞行过程中的不确定性,基于模糊干扰观测器提出了三维一体化制导与控制问题。首先根据飞行器的动力学方程以及飞行器-目标的视线角相对运动方程,推导出来适用于倾斜转弯控制的一体化制导控制模型。接着,针对模型中的不确定性采用模糊干扰观测器进行补偿,并使用块动态面方法设计了一种一体化制导控制律。然后,通过选取适当的李雅普诺夫函数证明了闭环系统状态的一致毕竟有界性。最后,仿真结果验证了该一体化制导控制方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

基于迭代学习观测器的无人机故障鲁棒控制

针对无人机在飞行时存在执行机构故障和外界干扰问题,建立了无人机的动力学模型和系统发生执行器故障时的模型,提出了一种将迭代学习观测器和鲁棒自适应控制相结合的容错控制方法.利用迭代故障观测器去观测无人机控制系统的状态并通过迭代实时跟踪执行器故障,给出了该观测器的收敛性分析,并在此基础上设计基于自适应增益的趋近律,实现系统鲁棒自适应控制.进一步基于Lyapunov方法从理论上证明了设计的容错控制器的鲁棒稳定性.使用无人机控制系统对方法进行验证,仿真结果验证了方法的有效性.     

基于改进ESO的交流伺服系统FOPID定位控制

针对高炮炮控交流伺服系统高精度定位控制存在的外界干扰及诸多非线性因素,提出了基于连续光滑函数fan()的改进扩张状态观测器(ESO),并将其应用于分数阶PID控制器,即CS-ESO-FOPID。该控制器将所有外界干扰因素作为"总干扰"获取干扰实时量,并通过改进扩张状态观测器实现非线性因素的实时动态补偿。数字仿真证明,CS-ESO观测优于传统ESO观测,CS-ESO-FOPID的动态控制精度及对外部扰动的鲁棒性均优于FOPID控制,避免了基于传统ESO的分数阶PID易出现的高频颤振现象,从而验证了该控制策略的可行性和有效性。     

考虑输入受限的高超声速飞行器预设性能控制

针对考虑输入幅值与速率受限的高超声速飞行器跟踪性能问题,提出基于受限指令滤波器的预设性能控制方案。为了提高系统瞬态和稳态性能,设计预设性能反演控制器,并通过设计新的性能函数使得跟踪误差超调量更小。引入指令滤波器来处理反演控制器设计中难以求导的问题。针对输入受限问题,构造一种受限指令滤波器来约束系统控制律,保证控制输入满足幅值和速率的限制要求,并进行相应的理论证明。另外,考虑系统参数不确定性与外界干扰,采用线性扩张状态观测器进行观测并补偿。基于Lyapunov稳定理论证明系统的所有跟踪误差最终一致有界。通过仿真验证该方法的有效性。     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Panjwai: a tale of two COINs in Afghanistan

The US Army has two approaches to counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan. One is hard, or combat-focused, and the other is soft, or development-focused. This study examines two US Army task forces deployed to Panjwai District, Afghanistan from 2012 to 2013. CTF 4-9 and 1-38 offer a meaningful comparison because they pursued these contrasting approaches among the same population and against the same enemy at the same time and place. The study compares each unit’s approach and finds that neither approach was successful absent the other. The article concludes by recommending further research into combining the approaches at the operational level.     

线性核时频信号表示及其仿真

根据ｃｈｉｒｐ信号在模糊域的特点,本文提出了线性核时频表示方法。这种方法在提高分辨率、消除交叉项以及抑制噪声等方面都具有较高的性能。理论分析和实验结果都证实了这种方法的有效性     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

Forecasting a Hurricane: Israeli and American Estimations of the Khomeini Revolution

The surprising ‘Arab Spring’ raises the question as to what would enable national intelligence to provide high quality warnings prior to the eruption of popular revolutions. This article uses new sources of evidence to trace and explain Israel's success in comparison to US failure at correctly estimating the course of the Iranian Revolution in 1977–79. In explaining this variance, the article shows that it was mainly the result of the intimate acquaintance of Israel's representatives in Iran with the local language, history and culture, as well as the ability to communicate with locals – tools which the Americans completely lacked.     

关于教师继续教育培训模式的思考

继续教育作为终身教育的重要组成部分和基本形式,对教师的发展成长意义重大。继续教育工作开展十多年来,取得了一定的成绩,但还存在不少问题,如学习动机较为被动,管理认识不到位,教学内容陈旧空泛,教学方法呆板机械等。随着课程改革的不断深入,继续教育必须采取相应的改进措施,树立以人为本,服务至上的观点,教学内容的前瞻性与实用性并重,教学人员进行整合,教学方法灵活多样,评价考核规范科学等,以此激活受训教师内在的学习动机,更大程度地提高继续教育培训的实际效果。     

用DirectShow实现网络视频

目前市场上的网络监控技术一般用昂贵的硬件设备来支撑,投资较大。在深入研究微软的DirectX9.0的基础上,提出如何用DirectShow软件技术和普通的数字摄像头来实现网络视频的监控和实现技术,内容涉及通信协议、视频的编码与解码技术、视频的编码格式和COM组件编程技术等,最终的实验结果令人满意,且费用低廉,技术可靠,为在高速局域网内构建视频监控系统提供有效的技术支持。     

Interpreting the Ribchester Helmet

In 1796 a 13-year-old boy playing on wasteland behind his father’s house in Ribchester, Lancashire discovered an assemblage of over 30 Roman artefacts, including a decorated brass helmet. Although partially corroded the Ribchester helmet is a fine example of a first-century AD cavalry sports helmet. This article considers how the interpretation of the helmet has evolved since its discovery. The multi-faceted iconography of the helmet with its mural crown diadem is that of an elite soldier and is paralleled in other examples of cavalry sports helmets of the Ribchester type. The long-neglected imagery on the helmet bowl is reinterpreted and seen not as a haphazard collection of randomly placed combatants but as a highly structured, symmetrical composition specifically designed to be viewed from different directions.     

Desert insurgency: lessons from the third Tuareg rebellion

This article provides an in-depth examination and analysis of the 2006–2009 Tuareg rebellion in Mali and Niger. It identifies the underlying reasons behind the rebellion, explores contrasting counter-insurgency (COIN) strategies employed by the two governments, and presents some lessons learned. While both COIN approaches ultimately produced similar peace settlements, the article argues that the Malian strategy of reconciliation combined with the selective use of force was far more effective than the Nigerien iron fist approach at limiting the size and scope of the insurgency and producing a more sustainable peace. It concludes by looking at the role of external actors, particularly the United States, and how the failure to internationalize the conflict was actually more beneficial to the local COIN effort, as well as to the longer strategic interests of the United States in the region.