多元加速退化数据评估弹上产品贮存可靠性

弹上产品贮存退化表征在多个性能参数时,若采用单性能参数评估,可能会忽略其他性能蕴含的可靠性信息,导致评估不够全面。首先对产品加速退化过程建模,然后利用方差-协方差矩阵研究基于多元加速退化数据的可靠性评估方法;最后选取某电子产品的多元加速退化试验数据,考虑性能参数相关性进行评估,该实例评估结果表明基于多元加速退化数据的可靠性评估结果更全面合理。     

步进加速试验中基于Gamma过程的可靠性建模方法

某型导弹电连接器属于高可靠性、长寿命产品,为了对其进行可靠性评估,设计了步进应力加速退化试验获取性能退化数据,提出了加速应力下基于Gamma过程的可靠性建模方法。以电连接器的接触电阻作为性能参量,并根据实际使用环境选择了温度、湿度作为综合加速应力;利用Gamma过程对样品退化规律进行建模并对模型进行了检验;使用广义艾林模型描述了样品退化率与温度、湿度之间的关系。在以上基础上建立可靠性模型,并采用极大似然法估计出模型参数,成功对该型电连接器在工作条件下可靠度值作出了预测。     

步进加速退化试验及其在电子产品可靠性评估中的应用

为快速评估具有高可靠、长寿命特点的电子产品的可靠性,提出了使用步进加速退化试验技术的方法。文中首先给出了步进加速退化的试验方法及基本假设,然后给出了步进退化数据向恒加退化数据的折算方法,在此基础上提出了基于伪失效寿命的步进加速退化可靠性评估算法,最后利用试验数据对该方法进行了验证。该方法与恒加退化试验相比,在保持样本量不变的基础上,可以极大地缩短试验时间,因此,具有更高的效费比。     

贝叶斯方法在某型防空导弹武器系统可靠性评估中的应用

提出采用贝叶斯(Bayes)方法分析防空导弹武器系统的可靠性问题.首先对各种不同分布类型的单元进行Bayes可靠性分析,利用某型防空导弹武器系统的试验信息构造系统可靠性验前分布,再利用Bayes定理和系统试验信息更新系统可靠性的验前分布得到验后分布,最后对系统可靠性进行评估.仿真算例说明了评估方法的合理性.     

基于伪寿命分布的退化数据可靠性评估方法

为更好地对高可靠、长寿命的产品进行可靠性评估,对加速退化试验进行了分析研究。首先,提出了建立退化轨迹的基本流程方法;其次,对加速退化数据的处理方法进行了分析;最后,用一个实例验证了方法的有效性。     

考虑多性能参数的引信弹簧可靠性评估

弹簧作为引信中常用的储能源,是影响引信可靠性的重要零件,而引信失效会形成重大安全隐患。为了准确预估某引信弹簧贮存期间的可靠度变化,提出了一种基于修正Arrhenius模型的多元正态可靠性评估方法。以应力损失率和永久变形率作为性能参数,设计了恒定应力加速退化试验,获取弹簧在120℃、130℃、150℃和160℃下的退化数据,并采用Anderson-Darling统计量验证退化量的最优分布为正态分布。根据修正的Arrhenius方程,得到弹簧在贮存温度下的退化轨迹曲线。基于多元正态分布建立弹簧贮存可靠度模型,分析弹簧贮存期间的可靠度变化特点。通过与其他可靠度模型对比,该模型预估结果更准确,可为引信的视情维修提供依据。     

基于非参数统计的加速退化试验优化设计北大核心

加速退化试验优化设计研究如何在有限的费用约束下设计方案以减少试验评估误差。采用参数统计分析试验数据需要假设分布函数,当假设错误时会引起较大的误差,而采用非参数统计分析,通过数据本身来寻找合适的回归模型则可避免这一问题。以试验费用为约束,进行加速退化试验优化设计,给出各优化变量:试验应力水平、各应力水平下样本量、性能监测次数和监测间隔,最后通过仿真算例说明该加速退化试验优化设计方法的应用。     

基于非参数统计的加速退化试验优化设计

加速退化试验优化设计研究如何在有限的费用约束下设计方案以减少试验评估误差。采用参数统计分析试验数据需要假设分布函数,当假设错误时会引起较大的误差,而采用非参数统计分析,通过数据本身来寻找合适的回归模型则可避免这一问题。以试验费用为约束,进行加速退化试验优化设计,给出各优化变量:试验应力水平、各应力水平下样本量、性能监测次数和监测间隔,最后通过仿真算例说明该加速退化试验优化设计方法的应用。     

基于似然比检验的橡胶密封件加速试验机理一致性判别方法

加速退化试验广泛应用于橡胶密封件等长寿命产品的可靠性评估,试验过程中需要将高应力水平下的试验结果外推到正常应力水平。要获得准确的产品可靠性评估结果,需要保证加速应力下的退化失效机理与正常应力下的退化失效机理一致。基于似然比检验原理,提出加速退化试验机理一致性判别方法及流程。针对失效机理一致与失效机理变化两种场合,提出对数线性及非对数线性两类加速模型,并结合混合效应模型描述产品退化过程。利用似然比检验判断加速模型参数是否变化,完成失效机理一致性判别。仿真算例和应用实例表明,该方法能够有效判别橡胶密封件失效机理是否变化,并找到失效机理不变的应力水平边界。     

基于故障统计和材料退化的机械系统可靠性评估

目前,机械系统可靠性试验的评估模型主要是基于已触发故障的数据特点,而对于具有高可靠性且在试验中没有出现故障的子系统的情况,仅仅依据故障数据样本来评估可靠性则可能偏离实际值较大。针对此问题,选取定时截尾的可靠性试验,将故障统计和材料退化相结合,采用极大似然估计法和蠕变失效时间模型,分别对可靠性试验中发生故障的子系统和零故障的子系统进行寿命估计,综合估算出系统的平均寿命。最后,通过案例分析,验证了该方法的有效性和合理性。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.