哈萨克族居民婚恋满意度与觉察压力的关系

[目的]探讨新疆地区哈萨克族居民婚恋满意度与觉察压力之间的关系。[方法]采用分层方便抽样的方法,在新疆地区对450例18-65岁的已婚或有过恋爱经历的人群采用一般情况调查表、Olson婚姻质量问卷(ENRICH)及觉察压力量表(PPS)进行调查。[结果](1)结果显示哈萨克族居民婚恋满意度与国内常模水平相当(t=-0.93,P=0.35)。(2)不同特征哈萨克族居民婚恋满意度未见统计学差异(P0.05)。(3)被试婚恋满意度得分与觉察压力总分及觉察压力量表的三个维度中预测感、控制感和超载感成显著负相关(r=-0.17,P0.01;r=-0.12,P0.01;r=-0.18,P0.01;r=-0.18,P0.01)。[结论]哈萨克族居民婚恋满意度处于中等水平,并且婚恋满意度与觉察压力水平有关。     

一般自我效能感与社会支持对中学生主观幸福感的影响

目的：探讨一般自我效能感、社会支持对中学生主观幸福感的影响,为提高中学生的主观幸福感提供理论依据。方法：采用一般自我效能感（GSES）、领悟社会支持（PASS）问卷和总体幸福感（PGWB）量表,对新疆地区部分中学的1000名中学生进行调查。结果：①不同性别中学生在一般自我效能感、其它支持和社会总支持存在显著差异（P〈0.05）;不同家庭类型中学生在领悟社会支持及各因子、忧郁或愉快的心境以及对情感和行为的控制方面存在显著差异（P〈0.05）。②总体幸福感中的对健康的担心这一因子与社会支持和各因子（其他支持除外）及一般自我效能感呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）,而其他各因子与社会支持各因子及自我效能感呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）。③一般自我效能感、家庭支持和朋友支持对中学生主观幸福感具有显著地预测作用（P〈0.05）。结论：中学生的性别、家庭类型在一般自我效能感、社会支持和主观幸福感方面表现出差异性,且中学生的一般自我效能感、社会支持与中学生主观幸福感之间存在相互关系。     

国防生社会支持、情绪调节方式与应对方式的关系

采用简易应对方式问卷、中国军人社会支持量表和军人情绪调节方式量表对330名国防生进行测评,探讨国防生社会支持、情绪调节方式与应对方式之间的关系.结果显示:积极应对与社会支持各维度、情感求助、行为抑制、自我安慰呈显著正相关(P＜0.01);消极应对与社会支持各维度呈显著负相关(P＜0.01),与认知重视呈显著正相关(P＜0.01);社会支持各维度与认知重视呈显著负相关(P＜0.01),与情感求助、自我安慰呈显著正相关(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).自我安慰、支持利用度、情感求助对积极应对有显著的正向预测作用,认知重视对消极应对有显著的正向预测作用,主观支持对消极应对有显著的负向预测作用.     

民汉合校学校氛围问卷编制及其信效度检验

通过文献综述、理论分析、开放式问卷调查和访谈,构建学校氛围的理论模型并编制民汉合校学校氛围问卷.对预试结果(n=540)进行项目分析、探索性因素分析筛选条目得到正式问卷,选取新疆地区14所民汉合校的2020名初中生进行正式施测,最终形成32个项目的民汉合校学校氛围问卷.问卷包括安全与纪律、师生关系、同学关系、尊重民族多样性、学业取向五个维度;各分量表及问卷的Cronbach系数、分半信度、重测信度都达到了测量学标准;验证性因素分析结果表明民汉合校学校氛围问卷结果合理、模型拟合较好.该问卷具有良好的信效度,可用于测量民汉合校学校氛围状况.     

领悟社会支持与高中生学习投入的关系:自尊和未来教育规划的链式中介作用

目的:探究领悟社会支持对学习投入的影响,以及自尊和未来教育规划的链式中介效应。方法:采用领悟社会支持量表、自尊量表、未来教育规划问卷和学习投入量表,对446名高中生进行施测。结果:①各变量两两之间均存在显著地正相关(r=0.32~0.50,p<0.001);②领悟社会支持能正向预测高中生学习投入;③在领悟社会支持对高中生学习投入的预测中存在三条路径:一是自尊的中介作用;二是未来教育规划的中介作用;三是自尊和未来教育规划的链式中介作用,效果值分别为:14.81%,27.78%和16.67%。结论:领悟社会支持不仅直接影响高中生学习投入,还通过自尊和未来教育规划影响高中生学习投入。     

任职院校国防生自尊、自我效能感及个性特征的研究

调查任职院校国防生自尊、自我效能感状况及其个性特征,为任职培训期间开展教育和管理工作提供参考。采用自尊量表（SES）、一般自我效能感量表（GSES）、艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）以及自编问卷方法,对535名任职院校国防生进行调查。结果显示：任职院校国防生自尊水平与专业、是否学员骨干等因素有关;自我效能水平与居住地等因素有关;任职院校国防生人格特征与军校生和军人群体相对接近,但与大学生群体有所不同。可见,对任职院校国防生进行教育管理时,应该重点从提高国防生的自尊和自我效能感水平入手,更好地维护和提高国防生在任职培训期间的心理健康水平。     

军校学员自尊与攻击行为相关研究

以152名军校学员为研究对象,使用内隐联想测验测量内隐自尊;选择Rosenberg自尊量表、元自尊量表、社会期望量表作为测量外显自尊、区分防御性高自尊和安全性高自尊的工具;使用攻击量表作为测量攻击行为的指标。通过对不同自尊测量结果与学员攻击行为的相关研究,探讨了学员自尊对攻击行为的影响。结果表明：（1）学员的内隐自尊效应显著,但与攻击行为的关系不显著;（2）自尊与攻击行为之间存在显著的负相关,高自尊的人不易产生攻击行为,但防御性高自尊学员和安全性高自尊的学员在攻击行为上差异显著。     

基于SC-BP的设备故障预警研究

为实现对火炮系统健康状态监测和故障预警,满足从“故障修”向“状态修”转变的发展需求,采用拟合模型算法,建立设备标准化电流优化BP神经网络预测模型（SC-BP）,分析运行数据的内在逻辑和相关性,设计设备正常运行状态下的数据参数库,并与实时采集的设备状态数据进行比较,根据拟合优度进行辨识,通过比较设备实时数据与历史正常数据之间的相似关系来判断设备状态,并显示故障关联信息,为工作人员分析故障原因提供了参考,并对算例进行了分析验证。研究结果表明,该故障预警方法能够辨识设备性能异常状况,使维护人员能够在设备故障形成早期发现征兆,提前采取措施以避免设备故障的发生。     

随迁子女歧视知觉对生命意义感的影响：心理资本和心理韧性的链式中介作用

目的：探究随迁子女歧视知觉对生命意义感的影响机制，并分析心理资本和心理韧性的链式中介作用。方法：选用歧视知觉量表、生命意义感量表、心理资本量表以及青少年心理韧性量表对567名随迁子女进行调查。结果：(1)生命意义感与歧视知觉呈显著负相关（r=-0.22,p<0.001)，与心理资本及心理韧性呈显著正相关（r=0.49,0.53;p<0.001）；歧视知觉与心理资本和心理韧性呈显著负相关（r=-0.20,-0.55;p<0.001）；(2)心理资本和心理韧性分别在歧视知觉与生命意义感之间发挥中介作用（p<0.001）；(3)心理资本和心理韧性在歧视知觉与生命意义感之间发挥链式中介作用（p<0.001）。结论：歧视知觉可以通过心理资本和心理韧性的中介作用，或二者的链式中介作用预测随迁子女的生命意义感。     

内隐自尊、外显自尊及其交互作用对应对方式的影响研究

为了探讨内隐自尊、外显自尊及其交互作用对应对方式的影响,我们采用实验设计方法对某大学60名学生进行研究,选用自尊量表（SES）、应对方式问卷（CSQ）和内隐测验程序（IAT）施测。结果显示：一是内隐自尊、外显自尊存在低相关;二是外显自尊在积极、消极两种应对方式上主效应显著;三是不同外显自尊水平下,内隐自尊对积极应对方式有不同的影响。即高外显自尊水平下,高内隐自尊者比低内隐自尊者应用更多的积极应对方式;低外显自尊水平下,内隐自尊水平不影响积极应对方式的应用。由此可见,自尊类型影响个体应对方式,要培养个体安全的高自尊以促使个体在压力面前更多使用积极应对方式。     

Modern Sikh Warriors: Militants,Soldiers, Citizens

Central to the mainstream Sikh identity is the concept of ethically-justified force, used as a last resort. There is no place for absolute pacifism in this conception of ethical living. Fighters and martyrs occupy an important place in the Khalsa narrative, and Sikhs are constantly reminded of the sacrifices and heroism of their co-religionists of the past. This article explores how the Sikh warrior identity is manifested in the contemporary world. It examines the Sikhs who, in the 1980s and 1990s, were involved on both sides of the Punjab crisis: those militants who fought for a Sikh homeland (“Khalistan”) and those Sikhs in the Indian army who suppressed the insurgency. The article also looks beyond the militants and soldiers to Sikhs employed in modern security-related professions, the broader issue of Sikh symbols relating to the use of force, and violence within the Sikh diaspora. An examination of the Sikhs in various parts of the world reveals additional uses and consequences of ideology, whether in enlistment in the armed forces of the states in which they live, or in the support of the militancy in India, particularly in the 1980s. The conclusion is that the modern Sikh warrior is a nuanced actor behaving in various ways, some overt and some subtle: the warrior is willing to physically fight those perceived to be tyrannous, but most initiatives have shifted to pursuing justice through non-violent means, such as legal struggles for civil rights. Although armed Sikh militancy against the Indian government is in the past, there are strong residual resentments still requiring redress. All of this is of great relevance to understanding the ethics of armed force within modern Sikhism.     

Selling to strategic and loss‐averse consumers: Stocking,procurement, and product design policies

Motivated by the presence of loss‐averse decision making behavior in practice, this article considers a supply chain consisting of a firm and strategic consumers who possess an S‐shaped loss‐averse utility function. In the model, consumers decide the purchase timing and the firm chooses the inventory level. We find that the loss‐averse consumers' strategic purchasing behavior is determined by their perceived gain and loss from strategic purchase delay, and the given rationing risk. Thus, the firm that is cognizant of this property tailors its inventory stocking policy based on the consumers' loss‐averse behavior such as their perceived values of gain and loss, and their sensitivity to them. We also demonstrate that the firm's equilibrium inventory stocking policy reflects both the economic logic of the traditional newsvendor inventory model, and the loss‐averse behavior of consumers. The equilibrium order quantity is significantly different from those derived from models that assume that the consumers are risk neutral and homogeneous in their valuations. We show that the firm that ignores strategic consumer's loss‐aversion behavior tends to keep an unnecessarily high inventory level that leads to excessive leftovers. Our numerical experiments further reveal that in some extreme cases the firm that ignores strategic consumer's loss‐aversion behavior generates almost 92% more leftovers than the firm that possesses consumers’ loss‐aversion information and takes it into account when making managerial decisions. To mitigate the consumer's forward‐looking behavior, we propose the adoption of the practice of agile supply chain management, which possesses the following attributes: (i) procuring inventory after observing real‐time demand information, (ii) enhanced design (which maintains the current production mix but improves the product performance to a higher level), and (iii) customized design (which maintains the current performance level but increases the variety of the current production line to meet consumers’ specific demands). We show that such a practice can induce the consumer to make early purchases by increasing their rationing risk, increasing the product value, or diversifying the product line. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 62: 435–453, 2015     

Nuclear weapons,the United States and alliances in Europe and Asia: Toward an institutional perspective

America’s alliances in Europe and East Asia all involve some institutional cooperation on U.S. nuclear weapons policy, planning or employment—from consultative fora in Asia to joint policy and sharing of nuclear warheads in NATO. Such cooperation is often analyzed through the prism of “extended nuclear deterrence,” which focuses on the extension of U.S. security guarantees and their effect on potential adversaries. This article argues that this underplays the importance of institutional factors: Allies have historically addressed a range of objectives through such cooperation, which has helped to catalyze agreements about broader alliance strategy. The varied form such cooperation takes in different alliances also flows from the respective bargaining power of allies and the relative importance of consensus, rather than perceived threats. The article concludes that nuclear weapons cooperation will remain crucial in successful U.S. alliance management, as allies negotiate their relationship with each other in the face of geostrategic change.     

CORRUPTION,PERCEPTION AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

Bribery undermines human development and a transition to stable democratic rule. It props up illegitimate regimes as corporations bid for contracts by bribing, in a seeming race to the bottom. The world's wealthy are slowly waking up to this and criminalising this scandalous practice of bribing foreign public officials. However, such measures, if enforced, need to be combined with domestic anti-corruption strategies in the South. If this opportunity is missed, the risk of investing private capital in marginalised economies perceived to be highly corrupt is further upped, making investment-driven economic growth possibly even less unattainable.     

Security sector reform,ethnic representation and perceptions of safety: evidence from Kosovo

This article explores the relationship between ethnic representation in security sector institutions and perceptions of safety. While most studies on post-conflict institutional reform focus on national institutions and outcomes, this article argues that a more nuanced view on ethnic representation is fruitful in order to account for the everyday perceptions of local people. Drawing on post-conflict Kosovo, the article analyzes how the representation of ethnic minorities in security institutions affects perceptions of safety among individuals across Kosovo’s municipalities. It also analyzes original interview data collected in the Pristina and Mitrovica municipalities that are typical cases of our sample. Both approaches validate that those municipalities that have ethnically representative security institutions also have higher levels of perceived safety.     

PLAYING GOD WITH HIV

It is generally understood that conflict can contribute to the spread of disease. This paper explains the reverse: how disease, as an accelerating factor, can result in serious conflict. While not a cause of war itself, HIV/AIDS exacerbates existing tensions: social, ethnic and political. Political constituencies concerned about HIV/AIDS will become frustrated if the state's leadership does not meet their demands. The demand for medical treatment of the disease is certain to exceed supply in all Southern African states. Projects to treat the disease are small and access is limited. The criteria for access, both real and perceived, will play a critical role in determining the level of conflict and disruption that HIV/AIDS will cause.     

Correlates of Perceived Insecurity: Evidence from Pakistan

This study explores the correlates of perceived insecurity among the households in Pakistan. For this purpose, data from the third round of Pakistan Panel Household Survey are merged with terrorist incidents taken from Global Terrorism Database. The results illustrate that objective risk, signified by violence in the district of residence, and victimization play an important role in the formation of perceived insecurity. Moreover, males and residents of rural areas feel more insecure than females and urban residents, respectively. Furthermore, spatial variation in violence indicates that terrorist attacks in the first-order contiguous districts (i.e. the immediate neighbors) are also associated with subjective insecurity. These are crucial findings because behavioral changes, such as perceived insecurity, could force the households to make suboptimal investment decisions. More importantly, since changes in behavioral parameters may be highly persistent, this study cautions that violence in Pakistan may have potentially long-term impacts on social welfare.     

THE EFFECTS ON SOUTH ASIA OF DEEP US NUCLEAR REDUCTIONS

Significant nuclear reductions by the United States can affect other states in one of five ways: by directly altering their strategic calculations and postures; by indirectly altering their strategic calculations and postures by affecting the behavior of third-party states; by undermining formal US deterrence commitments; by eroding the United States's perceived ability to provide “informal” deterrence through the maintenance of an active global presence; and by creating normative pressure for states to emulate US nuclear reductions. Only the erosion of “informal” deterrence is likely to affect South Asia; to the extent that significant US nuclear reductions affect South Asia, then, their impact is likely to be destabilizing.     

Counterinsurgency American style: Considering David Petraeus and twenty-first century irregular war

This article examines the complex legacy of David Petraeus who was a key figure in the emergence of the US military shift towards counterinsurgency doctrine in the years after 2006. Although Petraeus has been perceived by critics as a publicity seeker, he can be credited with laying the foundations for a more serious commitment to COIN involving in particular in integrating conventional and Special Forces in arenas like village stability operations. The article looks a Petraeus's role in both Iraq and Afghanistan: it concludes that, in the case of Afghanistan, it is too early to assess whether counterinsurgency has had a decisive impact of the outcome of the war against the Taliban.