长“眼睛”的激光制导炸弹

激光制导炸弹出现于1970年,是一种能够攻击点目标的近战武器。炸弹由弹体和一个制导装置组成,后者能够探测到被激光束照射的目标。激光制导方式分为寻的制导和波束制导两种。激光寻的制导原理是:当瞄准跟踪目标后,由装甲车辆或者飞机上的人员用目标指示器发射出编码脉冲激光照射目标,随即发射激光制导武器,目标会向各个方向反射激光;武器在飞行过程中,装在头部的激光寻的器接收由目标反射回的激光信号,经光学系统会聚在光电探测器上,将光信号转为电信号,然后经放大、运算处理,得出引导信号,驱动执行机构使武器导向目标。1984年开始装备美军…     

浅谈激光编码调制与解码接收技术——激光架束制导技术基本原理浅析

激光架束制导技术是通过激光空间编码发射和相应解码接收,用不同的频率、相位、脉冲宽度和脉冲间隔,通过光机扫描、光电扫描或声光扫描方式实现激光束空间调制编码,装在导弹尾部的激光接受器探测到激光信号,经过信息处理,弹上解码计算装置计算出导弹偏离中心线的大小和方向,形成控制信号,控制导弹飞行并击中目标的高科技技术。本文重点叙述激光编码调制技术和导弹解码接收技术的基本原理。一、激光编码调制技术激光编码调制技术主要由调制器来完成。调制器由频率编码调制盘,调制盘传动装置与转向系统组成。其中频率编码调制盘为平行的圆形玻…     

图解制导炮弹的攻防战术

制导炮弹主要用于远距离毁伤坦克、车辆、舰艇等装甲目标。制导炮弹通常由激光导引头、控制舱(制导装置舱、控制执行机构)和战斗部组成。前方观察员将目标信息和激光编码用无线电装置通知火炮阵地。炮手接到射击指令后．根据激光指示器的编码和目标距离。     

涡轮泵实时故障检测的时间编码信号处理方法研究

为了提高液体火箭发动机涡轮泵实时故障检测的有效性,通过取消对胞元长度限制和提出新的编码计算方法,提出了一种改进的时间编码信号处理方法,并将其应用于涡轮泵振动信号的实时特征提取.通过正常和异常涡轮泵历史试车稳态过程的振动数据对该方法的稳定性和故障检测有效性进行了验证,结果表明,基于时间序列编码的信号处理方法可以有效提取故障特征,可用于涡轮泵故障的实时检测.     

高炮射击飞行目标的模拟射击演习装置

本文介绍的是一种靶场试验模拟装置,是用来模拟高炮对飞行目标进行射击的演习系统。其主要组成部分有:测量计算中心、激光射击和激光接收机、命中记录逻辑单元、记录和评价装置、测距机和随机发生器以及比较器等。并详细闸述了系统的工作原理。     

CPLD的某型导弹控制箱信号模拟系统设计

采用CPLD+EPROM设计了某型反坦克导弹控制箱信号模拟系统,给出了模拟系统的总体结构,实现了相关的信号产生、处理及控制电路,包括串行数据接收与处理、光电编码信号检测、指令信号产生与控制等,分析了电路的可靠性并进行了相关处理.     

目标反射特性对激光末制导精度的影响

从物理光学和辐射原理的角度分析了目标反射特性对激光末制导精度的影响 ,给出了目标反射系数的直接测量方法 ,最后得出结论并提出了减少受其影响的措施。分析结果表明目标反射特性会影响激光末制导炮弹的接收反射激光信号功率的大小 ,进而影响激光末制导炮弹的制导概率 ,因而对于不同质地的目标 ,要根据目标的反射系数来确定激光指示器可靠的照射距离 ,选择其照射攻击部位 ,以提高激光末制导精度。     

OFD-LFM MIMO雷达中目标部件振动的微多普勒效应分析

与传统单基雷达系统相比,多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达系统充分利用发射分集和接收分集的优势,能够在不同的视角接收目标回波信号,可以提取目标更精细的微多普勒特征,因而大大提高了雷达对目标的识别能力。基于MIMO雷达系统,详细分析推导了正交频分线性调频信号体制下目标部件振动的微多普勒效应,并采用时频分析工具对理论分析的结果进行了仿真验证。     

基于OFD-LFM信号的MIMO雷达微多普勒效应分析

多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达系统利用空间分集技术,能够在不同视角接收目标回波信号,与传统单基雷达系统相比,可以提取更丰富的目标特征信息,因而大大提高了雷达的目标运动参数估计精度。基于MIMO雷达系统,详细推导了正交频分线性调频信号体制下目标部件旋转引入的微多普勒效应,通过取多组观测数据的数学期望对旋转半径进行了参数估计,最后的仿真实验验证了理论分析的结果,得到的旋转半径估值与真实值非常接近。     

基于时间反转的MIMO雷达多目标DOA估计

针对MIMO(Multi-input Multi-Output)雷达多目标DOA(Direction Of Arrival)估计问题,提出一种基于时间反转(Time Reversal,TR)的MIMO雷达多目标DOA估计方法。首先,算法根据MIMO雷达接收信号模型,采用时间反转理论,建立TR MIMO雷达接收信号模型;随后,利用MIMO雷达波形分集特性对TR MIMO雷达接收信号匹配滤波并进行向量化处理,扩展了MIMO雷达的虚拟孔径;最后,采用MUSIC(Multiple Signal Classification)算法进行多目标DOA估计,有效提高了精度。与常规MIMO相比,TR MIMO能够有效提高回波信号增益和增大虚拟孔径。计算机仿真结果表明,在信噪比-20 d B的条件下,TR MIMO雷达仍能准确地估计出目标的角度,表明TR MIMO雷达具有更好的性能。     

Study on performance degradation and failure analysis of machine gun barrel

An increase in the use of the gun barrel will cause wear of the inner wall, which reduces the muzzle velocity and the spin rate of the projectile. The off-bore flight attitude and trajectory of the projectile also change, affecting the shooting power and the accuracy. Exterior ballistic data of a high-speed spinning projectile are required to study the performance change. Therefore, based on the barrel's accelerated life test, the whole process of projectile shooting is reproduced using numerical simulation technology, and key information on the ballistic performance change at each shooting stage are acquired. Studies have shown that in the later stages of barrel shooting, the accuracy of shooting has not decreased significantly. However, it is found that the angle of attack of the projectile increases as the wear of the barrel increases. The maximum angle of attack reaches 0.106 rad when the number of shots reaches 4300. Meanwhile, elliptical bullet hole has appeared on the target at this shooting stage. Through combining external ballistic theory with simulation results, the primary reason of this phenomenon is found to be a significant decrease in the muzzle spin rate of the projectile. At the end of the barrel life, the projectile muzzle spin rate is 57.5% lower than that of a barrel without wear.     

基于多模射击的火力控制理论研究

为提高高炮武器系统拦截空中高度机动目标的能力,提出了多模射击的思想.多模射击是指火控系统根据战场态势,实时可靠地估计出目标在射弹飞行时间内若干个可能的机动形式预测结果.并据此控制高炮群同时向若干个可能的目标未来点进行射击.建立了多模射击毁歼概率计算公式.通过与传统的单模射击体制进行效能对比分析验证了多模射击体制的有效性.最后对基于多模射击的火力控制若干关键技术作了简要分析.     

一种舰炮武器系统手动跟踪及射击控制方法

针对常规舰炮武器系统对低照度、低反射面积目标无法自动跟踪和有效测距的情况,设计了一种基于光电传感器目标视频的手动跟踪及射击控制方法。操作手控制跟踪器对目标实时瞄准,并通过激光测距或距离装定,以获取目标的量测数据。该方法原理简单、成本低、易于实现,并且具有诸元快速校正功能,已成功应用于工程实践,并经过试验验证,可以有效提高系统对该类目标的作战能力。     

坦克底盘角振动对火炮射击精度影响机理研究

实车试验表明,在行进间射击试验时,当车辆超过一定车速(行进间射击车速)时,射击精度或射击命中率会发生大幅度的下降。针对这个问题,建立了坦克底盘角振动导致的射击偏差的数学模型;并结合实车试验数据,对射击延迟时间内底盘角振动造成的火炮射击偏差进行了全面分析。分析研究表明:在相同的行驶车速条件下,车辆底盘角速度、姿态角变化量随着射击延迟时间的增大而增大;在相同的射击延迟时间内,车辆底盘角速度、姿态角变化量与射角偏差随着行驶车速的增大而增大;其中射角偏差引起的目标距离偏差是弹丸横向速度导致的目标距离偏差的3倍~5倍。因此,随着行驶车速增加而增加的射角偏差增大是行进间射击车速受限的主要原因。     

炮射导弹命中概率分析

坦克安装激光驾束炮射导弹武器系统后,可以明显提高远距离攻击装甲目标的能力,但在各种不同射击方式下,对不同距离目标射击时的命中概率如何,在实装上难以进行全面试验和评估。通过对影响炮射导弹命中概率的各种系统偏差和随机误差进行分析,计算出坦克在原地和行进间对不动和运动目标、从500m~4 000m距离射击时的首发命中概率数值,并对计算结果进行了分析。     

一种连续修正速度方向的导引方法

考虑制导炮弹由身管武器发射,其飞行控制能力和导引信息量有限,基于预测落点位置偏差量来修正速度方向并在控制时间内连续分配导引指令的思想,提出了一种新的三维末制导方法。根据非线性弹道方程组的级数解预测弹丸落点位置,得到落点与目标的偏差,并提出了两种通过此偏差解算当前速度方向修正量的方法。取剩余飞行时间为修正时间,通过将速度方向修正量分配到整个剩余导引段建立了加速度修正公式,以减小导引指令饱和的可能性。通过连续地预测落点和分配加速度指令来实时地导引飞行。仿真结果表明：该导引方法简单可行,精度高,对控制能力要求较低,且具备较好的制导效果和毁伤效果,为该体制制导炮弹的应用提供参考依据。     

基于连续波雷达微多普勒效应的弹丸转速测试方法

针对目前弹丸转速测试方法的局限,提出了一种新的弹丸转速测试方法,利用连续波雷达探测弹丸旋转产生的微多普勒效应,建立了弹丸旋转运动引起的雷达回波微多普勒调制数学模型,推导了微多普勒频率与弹丸转速的解析关系,给出了弹丸转速微多普勒数据的实测方案,并通过弹丸旋转微动辨识与数字解调技术,提取出弹丸转速,经靶场试验验证,测试效果良好。     

Dynamic analysis of a guided projectile during engraving process

The reliability of the electronic components inside a guided projectile is highly affected by the launch dynamics of guided projectile. The engraving process plays a crucial role on determining the ballistic performance and projectile stability. This paper analyzes the dynamic response of a guided projectile during the engraving process. By considering the projectile center of gravity moving during the engraving process, a dynamics model is established with the coupling of interior ballistic equations. The results detail the stress situation of a guided projectile band during its engraving process. Meanwhile, the axial dynamic response of projectile in the several milliseconds following the engraving process is also researched. To further explore how the different performance of the engraving band can affect the dynamics of guided projectile, this paper focuses on these two aspects: (a) the effects caused by the different band geometry; and (b) the effects caused by different band materials. The time domain and frequency domain responses show that the dynamics of the projectile are quite sensitive to the engraving band width. A material with a small modulus of elasticity is more stable than one with a high modulus of elasticity.     

Three-dimensional coordinates test method with uncertain projectile proximity explosion position based on dynamic seven photoelectric detection screen

To objectively obtain the three-dimensional coordinates of the projectile fuze proximity explosion when projectile intersects the head of missile target, we propose a dynamic seven photoelectric detection screen test method, which is made up of six plane detection screens and a flash photoelectric dynamic detection screen. The three-dimensional coordinates calculation model of the projectile proximity explosion position based on seven plane detection screens with dynamic characteristics is established. According to the relation of the dynamic seven photoelectric detection screen planes and the time values, the analytical function of the projectile proximity explosion position parameters under non-linear motion is derived. The projectile signal filtering method based on discrete wavelet transform is explored in this work. Additionally, the projectile signal recognition algorithm using an improved particle swarm is proposed. Based on the characteristics of the time duration and the signal peak error for the projectile passing through the detection screen, the signals attribution of the same projectile passing through six detection screens are analyzed for obtaining precise time values of the same projectile passing through the detection screens. On the basis of the projectile fuze proximity explosion test, the linear motion model and the proposed non-linear motion model are used to calculate and compare the same group of projectiles proximity explosion position parameters. The comparison of test results verifies that the proposed test method and calculation model in this work accurately obtain the actual projectile proximity explosion position parameters.     

Ricochet quantification using a multiple sensor approach

This study investigates the ricochet behaviour of three different small-arms projectile types using a novel ricochet measuring device.The results can be used to estimate the danger potential of ricochets on shooting ranges.A ricochet is the change of direction and velocity of a projectile after impacting an oblique surface.This impact produces strong vibrations on a rigid plate.During this impact,flexural waves travel radially outwards from the point of impact.These waves are used to determine the properties of the impactor with accelerometers situated on the target surface.With the use of two measurement plates,one can produce a ricochet and detect the velocity at the same time.Accelerometers are suitable for accurate momentum measurements of single impacts.However,depending upon strike velocity and the impact angle,a ricochet can separate in multiple fragments after being deflected.From the operational safety perspective,these fragments need to be detected,as well.The approach of a coupled sensor concept was chosen to solve this problem.Thermographic sensors were additionally used to visualise the heat which is produced after pene-trating a rubber layer pasted in front of the steel target plate.With this approach one was able to detect the position of impact.The investigations showed that the measurement system performance is better with a multiple sensor design,which includes accelerometers for the velocity,impact strength and partly the position measurement,while the thermographic sensor was used for the position measurement and partly the momentum measurement.The investigated ammunition showed plausible fragmentation behaviour,and the results can already be used to estimate the danger potential of different ammunition types.Frangible projectiles fragment to small particles already after being deflected under a small angle.However,Full Metal Jacket projectiles with or without a steel core do not fragment under angles which are less than 5°.The objective of the paper is to demonstrate the possibility of measuring the complex ricochet me-chanics of small projectiles using standard accelerometers with the adequate signal processing approach.This measuring system is supported by an off the shelf thermographic camera.