无灰节能助燃添加剂在柴油中的复配性能

通过低压氧弹燃烧法研究了充氧压力分别为0.6,0.9 MPa时4种无灰型柴油添加剂(有机硝酸酯A、胺类化合物B、表面活性剂C与酯类化合物D)不同配比对助燃性能的影响。采用均匀设计方法设计试验方案,运用DPS软件和偏最小二乘回归分析法,建立添加剂添加量与发热量变化率之间的回归模型,得到复配体系的最优配方为:有机硝酸酯A、胺类化合物B、表面活性剂C在油品中添加的质量分数分别为0.107 9%,0.024 9%,0.12%,该配方在2种充氧压力下均具有最佳助燃效果,发热量较0号柴油分别增加了11.73%和7.86%。对该最优配方进行低压氧弹模拟评价试验和发动机台架试验验证,结果表明在平原和模拟高原条件下,燃用含此配方添加剂的柴油较燃用0号柴油其燃油消耗率平均下降了1.98%和2.73%,碳烟排放平均降低了26.5%和15.5%,具有良好的节能减排功效。     

一种含氧混合燃料喷雾特性的试验研究

针对柴油和所需的油料方案B20D10（即在柴油中掺混20%生物柴油和10%碳酸二甲酯,Dimethyl-Carbonate,DMC）,在某型重型车辆柴油机高压泵试验台上,采用定容弹和高速摄影技术,研究了掺混生物柴油和DMC后对燃油喷雾特性的影响。结果表明：在不同的背景压力下,燃料B20D10油束的贯穿距离低于柴油,最大降幅达到7.0%,锥角最大增加约15.2%;在非破碎阶段,燃料的贯穿距离与时间呈正比关系;在破碎阶段,贯穿距离与时间的关系为s∝tn,其中n约为0.57。试验结果为建立该混合燃料的喷雾模型,并进行缸内燃烧的数值模拟奠定了基础。     

不同海拔富氧进气柴油机富氧经济性分析

建立了高海拔条件下柴油发动机富氧进气燃烧排气氧气体积分数与进气氧气体积分数关系的模型,对海拔2 000,3 000和4000m处不同转速时发动机富氧进气的燃烧状况和富氧经济性进行研究.结果表明:模型预测结果与试验结果吻合较好,当发动机正常进气过量空气系数α＜1.2时,富氧进气改善发动机燃烧状况的效果明显.发动机富氧进气...     

固体燃料冲压发动机两种内旁路构型燃烧性能数值分析

使用数值模拟方法对比分析了环型通道与齿轮型通道两种内旁路构型的燃烧性能,固体燃料为丁羟,燃烧采用总包反应,反应速率由涡团耗散模型计算.研究发现,环型通道在补燃室头部产生突扩回流区,仍为扩散燃烧;齿轮型通道在补燃室头部产生对称的涡结构,能够增强未燃烧燃料与旁路空气的掺混效果,且总压损失与环型相当,综合燃烧性能较好.     

生物柴油降低装甲车辆柴油机排放的试验研究

在柴油中添加20%的生物柴油,通过试验研究了掺混后的燃料对装甲车辆柴油机动力输出和排放的影响。结果表明：添加20%的生物柴油对各转速下最大输出扭矩影响不大,最大降幅小于2%;常用转速下（1400r/min）全负荷范围内降低碳烟的效果较好,可降低23%～100%;同时,HC排放量可降低11%～70%,CO排放量可降低33%;外特性工况下,在中、高转速时亦可降低碳烟排放22%～46%,但NOx排放有一定程度升高,部分工况下升高10%左右。     

发动机冷却燃料做功潜力?分析

在高马赫数飞行下,用燃料冷却超燃冲压发动机壁面的冷却需求量大于发动机燃烧量。为了降低燃料的冷却量以及实现燃料冷却量和燃烧量的匹配,采用?分析法对超燃冲压发动机壁面燃料冷却工质进行做功潜力分析。发动机壁面冷却燃料的特性决定其热量?大小。根据发动机壁面温度分布、热流密度分布计算热量?,建立稳定流动燃料工质的?平衡方程。结果表明：在壁面最高温度为1200K时,传入壁面的热量为562.4kW,其中理论热量?为541.3kW;冷却燃料工质流量的增加,最大输出功减小;燃料工质出口温度增加,输出功减小,燃料工质出口压力增加,输出功基本不变。     

气态煤油超声速燃烧简化化学反应模型

为探究超燃冲压发动机燃烧室中煤油燃料燃烧的化学动力学过程,综合采用敏感性分析方法与路径分析方法,针对RP-3航空煤油三组分替代燃料的详细反应模型进行简化,建立一种适用于超声速燃烧流场数值模拟的新型26组分89反应简化燃烧反应模型。采用该简化燃烧模型对RP-3航空煤油替代燃料的点火、燃烧特性进行数值模拟,并与详细反应模型结果和试验数据进行对比校验。此外,将该简化燃烧模型与超声速燃烧流场计算方法相结合,数值分析了典型超燃冲压发动机燃烧室流场内化学动力学特性。研究结果表明：新型简化燃烧反应模型在不影响数值模拟精度的前提下,有效减少了反应组分与反应方程个数,提高了超声速复杂燃烧流场的数值模拟效率,并且能够准确获得烯烃、炔烃等重要中间燃烧产物以及小分子活性基团的空间分布规律,给出更全面的流场信息。     

高原环境对车辆动力舱温度场及红外特性影响研究

高原环境下,发动机、冷却系统等部件的运行状况发生较大变化,对动力舱室热环境产生影响,给目标的红外特性预测带来困难。对高原环境下动力舱及内部柴油机的运行状况进行仿真,采用GT-POWER软件建立一维传热模型,对柴油机在西藏贡觉县运行时的状况进行模拟,并将结果与高原环境下三维目标温度场模型进行耦合,获得动力舱的三维温度场分布情况。基于此建立目标红外辐射特征模型,对动力舱的辐射特性进行计算。结果表明：相较于平原地区,高原地区柴油机的燃烧状况较差,功率及扭矩分别降低160 kW和782 N·m,有效燃油消耗率增大46 g/(kW·h);动力舱室表面温度有不同程度降低;排烟及周围部位的温度场及红外特征更为明显。     

基于电场作用的微燃烧数值模拟及热力性能分析

以管径为1 mm,2 mm,3 mm的3种陶瓷管作微燃烧器,采用Fluent软件对电场作用下甲烷和空气的微燃烧进行了数值模拟。研究表明:正电场可增加燃烧器内的燃烧火焰长度、最大气流速度以及最高温度;燃烧器内的最高温度与燃空比成反比;燃空比较小时的燃料转化率与管径成反比;燃空比较大时的燃料转化率与管径成正比。2 000 V以内的电压对微燃烧器内的最大流速、最高温度以及甲烷转化率影响不大;超过2 000 V的电压与微燃烧器内的最大流速、最高温度以及甲烷转化率成正比例关系。     

基于环形燃烧室结构的燃气发生器设计与仿真北大核心

为有效解决高能化学激光器压力恢复系统无法实现小型化及机动性能等问题,提出了以高温气源替代常温空气作为引射气源的方案,并设计了一种基于航空发动机环形燃烧室结构的空气/酒精燃气发生器。采用CFD计算软件开展了燃气发生器的流场仿真计算,获取了燃气发生器冷态及燃烧工况下的速度、压力与温度场,并将部分仿真计算结果与理论计算及试验值进行了对比。研究表明:燃气发生器设计合理,扩压器及二股腔道转接处无气流分离,帽罩处无溢流现象;主燃区回流区明显,且尺度适中,有利于组织燃烧,并有效指导了高能电火装置的位置布局;空气流量配比合理,主燃孔及掺混孔的射流深度满足燃烧及掺混要求;燃烧室总压恢复系数达到96.7%,燃烧效率实现98.4%,实现了高效燃烧;此外,相同工况下的理论计算值及试验结果验证了数值计算方法的合理可行性。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.