破片式战斗部空中爆炸下冲击波与破片先后作用的临界爆距研究

为探讨破片式战斗部空中爆炸下冲击波与破片的先后作用机制,通过分析冲击波和破片在空气中的运动规律,在考虑壳体对冲击波强度的影响下,建立了冲击波与破片先后作用临界爆距的理论计算模型,并进行了实例分析。实例分析验证了理论模型的合理性和有效性。在此基础上,对临界爆距的影响因素进行了讨论,发现战斗部装填系数、装药类型以及壳体厚度对临界爆距的影响较大,而破片质量和形状对临界爆距的影响较小;随装填系数、装药爆热和爆速、破片质量的增大,临界爆距值均相应减小;随着壳体厚度和破片形状不规则度的提高,临界爆距值相应增大。     

不同材料壳体装药在空气中爆炸威力试验研究

为评估装药壳体材料对爆炸毁伤威力的影响,对裸装药、碳纤维复合壳体、钢壳体装药在空气中的爆炸破坏效应进行了试验研究,试验获得了3种装药冲击波超压曲线.试验结果表明,同样装药情况下,裸装药爆炸冲击渡超压大于带壳装药,碳纤维复合材料壳体装药爆炸产生的冲击波超压相对钢壳体装药高,且不会产生破片对远距离目标造成破坏;而钢壳体装药爆炸产生的破片对远距离目标具有一定的杀伤效应.     

测试厂房对导弹爆炸冲击波防护性能数值仿真

了解导弹测试厂房对爆炸冲击波的防护性能,对于航天发射场安全风险分析至关重要。以某发射基地测试厂房为分析对象,利用LS-DYNA软件对测试厂房内导弹意外爆炸的情况进行了数值仿真,并与经验方法估算的结果进行对比,验证了数值仿真的有效性和可靠性。结果表明:发生爆炸时,抗爆墙能发挥良好的抗爆性能,泄爆墙能及时泄压减压,测试厂房的防护性能满足要求。     

近距空爆载荷作用下双层防爆舱壁结构抗爆性能仿真分析

为探讨双层舱壁结构的抗爆性能,采用有限元仿真分析了近距空爆载荷作用下结构的动态响应过程和板材最大有效塑性应变随冲击波载荷强度的变化关系以及结构的失效破坏模式和动态吸能特性,并与相同材料同等重量的传统加筋板架进行了比较,最后对抗爆性能较好的CI型双层舱壁结构进行了结构抗爆的近似优化。研究结果表明:双层舱壁结构能够有效避免局部撕裂失效的破坏模式;相同冲击波载荷作用下,双层舱壁结构吸能较大,但结构板材的最大等效塑性应变却比加筋板架小,因而抗爆性能明显优于加筋板架;通过结构抗爆的近似优化可得到抗爆性能更优的双层舱壁结构,可为工程中双层舱壁结构的选型和抗爆防护结构单元的设计提供参考。     

冲击波和高速破片联合作用下固支方板毁伤效应数值模拟

为探讨固支方形钢板结构在空爆冲击波和高速破片联合作用下的动态响应过程及变形破坏模式,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,开展了空爆冲击波和高速破片对固支方板的联合作用数值模拟计算,阐述了固支方板在联合载荷作用下动态响应过程的2个阶段,以及在不同爆距下的变形破坏模式和特点。结果表明,随着爆距增加,在破片密集作用区内,钢板的破坏模式存在从集团冲塞破口到部分穿孔边界撕裂联通,再到无穿孔边界撕裂现象的转换。     

矩形坑道内爆炸冲击波压力仿真计算及试验验证

针对坑道试验爆轰波传播进行研究,通过数值模拟手段获取不同爆心距处坑道侧壁超压时程曲线,并通过试验手段,验证了数值模拟模型正确性。对比数值模拟结果和试验数据,发现坑道试验将混合装药等效TNT质量后,数值模拟超压峰值与实测误差范围为8.49%～25.49%,在距爆心15 m外数值模拟误差较小;等截面坑道内,爆轰波在近爆心处峰值超压相差较为明显,反映近爆心爆轰波较为紊乱。随着距爆心越远,等截面处峰值压力趋于一致,表明爆轰波呈稳定传播状态。研究结果表明,坑道内爆试验将混合装药等效为TNT当量,采用数值模拟研究坑道不同位置峰值超压方法可行性,为坑道试验超压测试传感器量程、规格选择提供理论指导,为坑道内侵爆类弹药爆炸毁伤效应评估等提供支撑。     

TNT爆炸温度场热作用规律实验研究

为研究TNT装药空中爆炸温度场的热效应,开展了1、5和10 kg三种质量的TNT药柱在空气中的爆炸实验。采用WRe5/26热电偶获取了不同爆心距处的温度—时间曲线,分析了TNT装药温度峰值随距离和装药质量变化的规律。实验结果表明：TNT在自由场中爆炸时,热电偶响应温度—时间曲线呈单峰状。随着爆心距的增加,升温速率和降温速率逐渐下降,曲线的下降部分因未反应产物的二次燃烧会产生波动,延长温度持续时间;爆心距变化会对温度持续时间造成较大影响,但是质量的改变对温度持续时间影响较小,在自由场爆心近距离内时间变化率最大不超过10%;温度峰值与装药质量成正比,与爆心距成反比,在相同传播距离下,峰值下降的幅度随装药质量增大而减小。     

狭长受限空间油气爆炸实验研究

为研究狭长受限空间中油气爆炸超压和火焰传播规律,搭建了狭长受限空间油气爆炸实验系统,并在狭长受限密闭管道中进行了油气爆炸实验。通过采集爆炸超压值、火焰强度值以及对燃烧产物成分进行分析,得到以下结论:距离点火端越远,最大爆炸超压值越大,但由于管壁的耗散效应以及油气体积分数的减小,导致靠近管道末端的压力有所下降;随着初始油气体积分数的增大,最大爆炸超压值和火焰传播速度先增大再减小;管道末端发生二次爆炸,在前驱冲击波过后,由于未燃气体压缩以及一次爆炸产物活性高等原因压力出现第2个峰值;在前驱冲击波的反射波以及水的不断冷凝、蒸发作用下,压力出现往复振荡现象;高油气体积分数下,燃烧反应不完全,产物更多以低碳烃类和CO为主。     

舰船水下防护结构舷侧空舱内部结构优化

利用LS_DYNA软件,对3种舷侧防护结构在水下接触爆炸下的破坏情况以及爆轰产物在舷侧空舱内的膨胀过程进行了对比研究,重点分析了舷侧空舱内部结构形式对爆轰产物在舷侧空舱内的膨胀过程的影响。结果表明:在舰船水下舷侧防护结构的舷侧空舱内,设置开孔竖隔板结构比设置无孔竖隔板结构更利于泄爆降压;设置"开孔竖隔板+平台"结构不仅利于泄爆降压,而且具有足够的静强度。     

坑道内爆炸作用下开槽参数对结构性能的影响

在坑道边墙上设置粗糙构造能够对冲击波起到一定的衰减作用。对坑道内爆炸的粗糙边墙技术进行研究,提出了在边墙及岩体中开挖槽体的冲击波防护方法。为考察开槽面积率、槽深及等体积开槽下二者的组合形式对结构抗爆性能的影响,设计了3种开挖方案。采用有限元分析软件LS-DYNA,得到了不同方案对结构顶板峰值竖向加速度、峰值最大主应力的影响,分析了不同开槽参数下结构的抗爆性能,为地下工程抗内爆炸开槽防护设计提供参考。     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Panjwai: a tale of two COINs in Afghanistan

The US Army has two approaches to counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan. One is hard, or combat-focused, and the other is soft, or development-focused. This study examines two US Army task forces deployed to Panjwai District, Afghanistan from 2012 to 2013. CTF 4-9 and 1-38 offer a meaningful comparison because they pursued these contrasting approaches among the same population and against the same enemy at the same time and place. The study compares each unit’s approach and finds that neither approach was successful absent the other. The article concludes by recommending further research into combining the approaches at the operational level.     

线性核时频信号表示及其仿真

根据ｃｈｉｒｐ信号在模糊域的特点,本文提出了线性核时频表示方法。这种方法在提高分辨率、消除交叉项以及抑制噪声等方面都具有较高的性能。理论分析和实验结果都证实了这种方法的有效性     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

Forecasting a Hurricane: Israeli and American Estimations of the Khomeini Revolution

The surprising ‘Arab Spring’ raises the question as to what would enable national intelligence to provide high quality warnings prior to the eruption of popular revolutions. This article uses new sources of evidence to trace and explain Israel's success in comparison to US failure at correctly estimating the course of the Iranian Revolution in 1977–79. In explaining this variance, the article shows that it was mainly the result of the intimate acquaintance of Israel's representatives in Iran with the local language, history and culture, as well as the ability to communicate with locals – tools which the Americans completely lacked.     

关于教师继续教育培训模式的思考

继续教育作为终身教育的重要组成部分和基本形式,对教师的发展成长意义重大。继续教育工作开展十多年来,取得了一定的成绩,但还存在不少问题,如学习动机较为被动,管理认识不到位,教学内容陈旧空泛,教学方法呆板机械等。随着课程改革的不断深入,继续教育必须采取相应的改进措施,树立以人为本,服务至上的观点,教学内容的前瞻性与实用性并重,教学人员进行整合,教学方法灵活多样,评价考核规范科学等,以此激活受训教师内在的学习动机,更大程度地提高继续教育培训的实际效果。     

用DirectShow实现网络视频

目前市场上的网络监控技术一般用昂贵的硬件设备来支撑,投资较大。在深入研究微软的DirectX9.0的基础上,提出如何用DirectShow软件技术和普通的数字摄像头来实现网络视频的监控和实现技术,内容涉及通信协议、视频的编码与解码技术、视频的编码格式和COM组件编程技术等,最终的实验结果令人满意,且费用低廉,技术可靠,为在高速局域网内构建视频监控系统提供有效的技术支持。     

Interpreting the Ribchester Helmet

In 1796 a 13-year-old boy playing on wasteland behind his father’s house in Ribchester, Lancashire discovered an assemblage of over 30 Roman artefacts, including a decorated brass helmet. Although partially corroded the Ribchester helmet is a fine example of a first-century AD cavalry sports helmet. This article considers how the interpretation of the helmet has evolved since its discovery. The multi-faceted iconography of the helmet with its mural crown diadem is that of an elite soldier and is paralleled in other examples of cavalry sports helmets of the Ribchester type. The long-neglected imagery on the helmet bowl is reinterpreted and seen not as a haphazard collection of randomly placed combatants but as a highly structured, symmetrical composition specifically designed to be viewed from different directions.     

Desert insurgency: lessons from the third Tuareg rebellion

This article provides an in-depth examination and analysis of the 2006–2009 Tuareg rebellion in Mali and Niger. It identifies the underlying reasons behind the rebellion, explores contrasting counter-insurgency (COIN) strategies employed by the two governments, and presents some lessons learned. While both COIN approaches ultimately produced similar peace settlements, the article argues that the Malian strategy of reconciliation combined with the selective use of force was far more effective than the Nigerien iron fist approach at limiting the size and scope of the insurgency and producing a more sustainable peace. It concludes by looking at the role of external actors, particularly the United States, and how the failure to internationalize the conflict was actually more beneficial to the local COIN effort, as well as to the longer strategic interests of the United States in the region.