单矢量水听器的姿态修正测向问题探讨

提出了一种采用姿态修正的单矢量水听器远场测向方法.在实际应用中,矢量水听器的测向及其接收的质点振速分量信噪比(SNR)均会受到水听器偏转姿态的影响.为此,利用远场条件下只需两个振速分量和声压信息即可实现二维测向的原理,提出了一种基于振速分量选择处理的远场测向方法,该方法充分利用高SNR的振速分量,提高了测向精度.计算机...     

基于卡尔曼滤波的单矢量水听器水中多目标方位跟踪

对单矢量水听器接收的声压和质点振速信息进行联合处理,采用量子粒子群求解声压和质点振速组成的非线性相关方程组,从而实现多目标声源方位的估计。对于低信噪比的情况,难免会引入较大的方位估计误差。采用最小二乘法对目标方位轨迹进行拟合并建立预测模型,然后通过卡尔曼滤波对单矢量水听器估计的目标方位轨迹进行优化。结果表明：单矢量水听器能够同时分辨多个目标方位,解算结果应用统计特性表示;信噪比越高,分辨率和精度越高,偏差越小;对于水中目标而言,1阶多项式足以进行方位轨迹拟合,再采用卡尔曼滤波能够有效提高目标方位跟踪精度。     

矢量阵的快速宽带频域波束形成方法

矢量水听器能获取振速信息,因此由其所组成的阵列有着常规声压阵列所不能比拟的优势,但正因为有了振速各分量信息,基于矢量阵的信号处理面临计算量大为增加的高维协方差矩阵运算的难题,当阵元数较多时,难以实时实现。为此,基于FFT思想,提出了一种适用于矢量水听器阵列的快速宽带频域波束形成方法。该方法在频域实现,将宽带信号分解为多个窄带信号,采用快速傅立叶变换来实现各阵元数据的相移累加过程,处理速度得以大幅提高。研究表明:该方法完全满足实时处理的需求,其测向性能也能达到克拉美-罗下界,且矢量阵具有常规阵所不具有的左右舷分辨能力,对微弱目标的检测能力也较强。     

一种基于声矢量阵混响空间特性的窄带目标探测算法

针对声矢量水听器阵主动探测问题，从声矢量混响空间特性方面开展研究。首先，从理论上分析各向同性混响条件下声压阵、振速阵的空间相关系数，指出远距离、长处理帧条件下声压、振速阵列半波长以上阵元间距的各向同性混响近似不相关；然后，以此为基础，给出声矢量圆阵信号接收模型，并针对各向异性、各向同性混响共存情况，给出了一种声矢量解析振速平滑阵列处理方法。该方法充分利用解析振速结构特点，对声压、解析振速阵列数据协方差矩阵进行累加平均，有效减小了不同阵元各向异性混响成分相干性。实测数据结果表明：声矢量解析振速平滑方法的常规波束形成处理与最小方差无畸变波束形成处理的声场级都小于声压阵处理结果，具有更高的目标分辨能力。     

基于矢量水听器的水下目标定位系统

单个矢量水听器测量目标俯仰角精度不高,且不能对目标距离进行估计,针对此问题,提出了一种结合矢量水听器和声压水听器的三元阵被动定位新方法.利用矢量水听器获得的声强信息,采用直方图估计法进行目标方位估计;利用三元垂直线阵获得的时延信息,进行目标俯仰角和距离估计,从而实现了对目标的定位.对算法进行了仿真验证并搭建定位系统进行...     

大深度复合同振式矢量水听器设计

针对目前深海无人移动平台缺乏与其工作深度相匹配的复合同振式矢量水听器的问题,采用薄壁铝合金球壳作为矢量通道,压电陶瓷圆环作为声压通道,设计制作了一型大深度复合同振式矢量水听器,并用理论计算、有限元仿真和实验测试的方法对其声学性能和耐压性能进行了验证。该水听器的外径为85 mm,质量为398 g,平均密度为1 240 kg/m~3,工作频段为20～3 000 Hz,矢量通道呈余弦指向性,灵敏度为-187 dB@500 Hz,声压通道无指向性,灵敏度为-191 dB@500 Hz,耐压深度为2 000 m。海上试验表明,该水听器能够搭载在水下滑翔机等深海无人平台上执行声学探测任务,在大深度声学探测领域具有重大的应用价值。     

单矢量水听器水中多目标方位跟踪方法

采用量子粒子群求解声压和质点振速组成的非线性相关方程组,实现多目标声源方位的估计。为提高精度,应用最小二乘法对测量结果进行拟合并建立预测模型,通过卡尔曼滤波对方位轨迹进行优化。结果表明:单矢量水听器能够同时分辨多个目标方位,解算结果应使用统计特性表示;采用本方法最多能分辨7个目标,目标个数越多,方位误差越大;信噪比越高,分辨率和精度越高,偏差越小;通过数据拟合然后卡尔曼滤波的方法能够有效提高目标方位跟踪精度。     

基于声矢量阵的宽带波束域高分辨方位估计

宽带信号波束域处理是实现水下目标高分辨方位估计的重要途径,它相对阵元域具有运算量小、分辨信噪比门限低以及角度分辨力高的优点。声矢量阵单个阵元能同时测量声场中的声压量和3个正交的质点振速分量,相对于声压阵,它能获取更多的声场信息。因此通过均匀声矢量阵运用MUSIC算法对宽带信号源波束域DOA估计进行了研究,改善了对弱相干信号源的方位分辨和估计性能,实验所获得的仿真结果表明了该方法具有较高的参考价值。     

利用声强工作的水雷声引信

提出了一种新型的水雷声引信。该引信使用的是水下声强矢量而不是以前通常使用的声压,并且采用双水听器信号的互谱方法测量水下声强矢量。这使得引信能够利用更多的舰船目标信息,其结果是该引信在目标的定位和识别方面具有显著的优势。     

基于水下小平台的近场目标快速定位

为实现水下小平台对于近场目标的快速定位,研究了一种基于单矢量水听器的近场定位算法。该算法根据子空间类多维估计方法,结合二次型最值定理,将近场目标的方位角、俯仰角以及距离参数进行分离,给出了各参数估计的闭式解,避免了多维搜索过程,减少了算法的计算量。仿真表明:该算法能够准确地定位近场目标,具有较高的定位精度。该算法的参数分离过程对复杂算法在近场情况下的应用具有借鉴价值。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.