二维水翼空化流动的数值模拟

基于RANS方程,结合不同湍流模型与空化模型对粘性流中二维NACA66012模型水翼附近流场进行数值计算与模拟.计算得到固定攻角、固定来流速度时升力系数和阻力系数随空化数的变化规律以及固定空化数时升力系数随攻角的变化规律,并对相应流场进行分析.在二维水翼空化流动的准稳态模拟中,重点对比分析了不同湍流模型、空化模型对空化流动模拟结果的影响,并将计算结果与实验数据进行比较.研究结果表明,在二维水翼附近空化流动的数值模拟中,采用k-ω湍流模型和均相流空化模型计算得到的结果与实验数据吻合较好.最后,采用分离涡模型对不稳定的空化流动进行了瞬态模拟,并得到空化流动的变化规律.     

一种超空泡空化器优化设计方法

根据超空泡流动力学特性,将其流型计算处理为一有约束的优化问题,从而使空化器优化转化为两目标优化问题。结合基于精英保留策略与小生境技术,选择算子主体为并行选择法的改进混合遗传算法和绕空化器无粘流场的CFD分析进行优化求解,流场数值解采用非结构网格显式时间推进Jameson有限体积法解二维欧拉方程得到。基于该算法进行了以空化器阻力系数最小化为目标的优化设计,同文献结果的对比证明:该方法是有效的,并且极大地简化了计算。     

文丘里管空化装置设计与数值模拟

基于总流伯努利方程,以文丘里管喉部局部压力等于相应温度时饱和蒸气压为依据,设计了应用于观测研究空化作用对乳化油废水破乳相关规律的文丘里管空化装置。利用Fluent软件对文丘里管空化装置的流场特性进行了数值模拟。计算表明:文丘里管空化装置能在较大范围产生空化现象,将该装置应用于观测研究空化作用对乳化油废水破乳相关规律,理论上可行。     

喷水推进器空化限制线制定方法

以某典型船用喷水推进器为研究对象,根据其性能曲线和喷水推进理论,归纳出关于制定空化限制线的正、反问题以及制定空化限制线的思路;通过数值模拟与分析,验证了该思路的可行性,并确定了空化限制线制定方法。数值计算结果与试验数据对比表明:建立的数值模型和计算结果是可信的;空化限制线Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ分别对应扬程下降量的1%、2%和20%,证实了空化限制线即为等汽蚀比转速线的结论。根据此方法,可以制定船用喷水推进器的空化限制线,实现其完整推进性能曲线图的绘制,指导喷水推进器的安全运行。     

二维水翼非定常空化流动动力特性的频谱分析

以雷诺平均模拟方程(RANS)为核心,采用RNGk-ε湍流模型与均相流空化模型,对二维水翼附近空化流场进行数值计算。在固定来流速度和空化数条件下,研究了空化形态随着水翼攻角的改变而变化的情况,并采用傅立叶变换(FFT)对水翼升力周期性信号进行了频谱分析。结果表明:水翼的空化形态是由空化数和攻角共同决定的,当空化数不变时,随着攻角的增大,空化程度更加趋于剧烈;在片状空化阶段,升力信号频率为低频信号,并随着攻角增大频率略有降低;在云状空化阶段,升力信号频率为中高频信号,随着攻角增大频率也略有降低;空化形态由片状空化阶段向云状空化阶段转化,在转化过程中存在一个过渡阶段,其升力信号频率在各个频段均具有一定的特征。     

复杂外形导弹出水过程空化流数值计算研究

基于Zwart-Gerber-Belamri空化模型,采用动网格和复合网格技术,提出了一种复杂外形潜射导弹出水过程中空化流数值计算方法。对头肩部、舵面及突起物的空化生成、演化及影响因素进行了分析。结果表明,出水过程初期空化数降低使附体空泡迅速扩大,随后空泡脱落与振荡的影响将更为显著;肩部在15m/s出水时产生空化并随速度上升而迅速增长, - 攻角时肩空化非对称性显现;舵面空化受出水速度影响较小, 攻角以下时空化面积小于全舵面积的10%,但攻角超过 后空化面积迅速增长至50%以上;减小突起物尺寸有利于避免空化产生,突起物空化受攻角影响较小,但在高速下可诱导临近弹体产生空化。     

空化射流实验研究

空化水射流技术是将空化作用引入到高压水射流而形成的一种新型高压水射流技术,在同等条件下,空化射流相对于普通高压水射流具有破碎和切割能力更高的特点。通过数值模拟和实验方法对空化技术进行研究,进行了喷嘴流场的数值模拟计算,设计了空化射流实验装置及空化喷嘴。以生锈铁板为研究对象,分别进行了喷嘴型号、打击时间、入口压力、靶距和扩散段长度的空化射流打击效果对比实验,研究了空化参数对空化效果的影响。实验结果表明角形喷嘴进行淹没射流的空化效果较好,空化射流除锈具有最优打击时间。不同的入口压力对应不同的最佳靶距。     

潜射导弹出水过程空化流数值计算

运用Zwart-Gerber-Belamri空化模型,采用动网格和复合网格技术,提出复杂外形潜射导弹出水过程中空化流数值计算方法。对头肩部、舵面及突起物的空化生成、演化及影响因素进行分析。仿真结果表明:出水过程初期空化数降低使附体空泡迅速扩大,随后对空泡脱落与振荡的影响将更为显著;肩部以15 m/s的速度出水时产生空化并随速度上升而迅速增长,5°~10°攻角时肩空化非对称性显现;舵面空化受出水速度影响较小,攻角小于等于5°时空化面积小于全舵面积的10%,但攻角大于5°后空化面积迅速增长至50%以上;减小突起物尺寸有利于避免空化产生,突起物空化受攻角影响较小,但在高速下可诱导临近弹体产生空化。     

超高压喷射条件下常态燃油的喷嘴内部空化流动特性仿真研究

利用FIRE软件建立了喷油器内部流场的仿真模型并基于超高的燃油喷射压力进行了数值计算,同时分析了喷油器内部气液两相流场的三维流态以及空化流动特性。结果表明:超高的燃油喷射压力更有利于增强空化效应;喷孔出口压力对孔内的空化效应具有抑制作用;在适当范围内增大喷孔直径可以使空化效应更加明显,扩大燃油高流速区域并促进燃油射流的破碎。     

口环间隙对离心泵空化性能的影响

首先,运用Zwart空化模型和湍流粘度修正后的RNG湍流模型对有口环间隙和无口环间隙时离心泵的空化性能进行了数值模拟,研究发现:有/无口环间隙时离心泵的"扬程-有效汽蚀余量"曲线都与实验曲线变化一致,但是有口环间隙时的曲线与实验结果更接近。然后,对前口环间隙分别为0.2mm、0.5mm、0.9mm、1.3mm和1.6mm时离心泵的空化性能进行了数值计算,研究表明:有效汽蚀余量大于等于2.15m时,前口环间隙增大会使叶轮上空化面积减小,对离心泵的空化性能有利;有效汽蚀余量小于等于2.05m时,前口环间隙增大会导致叶轮上空化面积增大,对离心泵的空化性能不利。     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Panjwai: a tale of two COINs in Afghanistan

The US Army has two approaches to counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan. One is hard, or combat-focused, and the other is soft, or development-focused. This study examines two US Army task forces deployed to Panjwai District, Afghanistan from 2012 to 2013. CTF 4-9 and 1-38 offer a meaningful comparison because they pursued these contrasting approaches among the same population and against the same enemy at the same time and place. The study compares each unit’s approach and finds that neither approach was successful absent the other. The article concludes by recommending further research into combining the approaches at the operational level.     

线性核时频信号表示及其仿真

根据ｃｈｉｒｐ信号在模糊域的特点,本文提出了线性核时频表示方法。这种方法在提高分辨率、消除交叉项以及抑制噪声等方面都具有较高的性能。理论分析和实验结果都证实了这种方法的有效性     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

Forecasting a Hurricane: Israeli and American Estimations of the Khomeini Revolution

The surprising ‘Arab Spring’ raises the question as to what would enable national intelligence to provide high quality warnings prior to the eruption of popular revolutions. This article uses new sources of evidence to trace and explain Israel's success in comparison to US failure at correctly estimating the course of the Iranian Revolution in 1977–79. In explaining this variance, the article shows that it was mainly the result of the intimate acquaintance of Israel's representatives in Iran with the local language, history and culture, as well as the ability to communicate with locals – tools which the Americans completely lacked.     

关于教师继续教育培训模式的思考

继续教育作为终身教育的重要组成部分和基本形式,对教师的发展成长意义重大。继续教育工作开展十多年来,取得了一定的成绩,但还存在不少问题,如学习动机较为被动,管理认识不到位,教学内容陈旧空泛,教学方法呆板机械等。随着课程改革的不断深入,继续教育必须采取相应的改进措施,树立以人为本,服务至上的观点,教学内容的前瞻性与实用性并重,教学人员进行整合,教学方法灵活多样,评价考核规范科学等,以此激活受训教师内在的学习动机,更大程度地提高继续教育培训的实际效果。     

用DirectShow实现网络视频

目前市场上的网络监控技术一般用昂贵的硬件设备来支撑,投资较大。在深入研究微软的DirectX9.0的基础上,提出如何用DirectShow软件技术和普通的数字摄像头来实现网络视频的监控和实现技术,内容涉及通信协议、视频的编码与解码技术、视频的编码格式和COM组件编程技术等,最终的实验结果令人满意,且费用低廉,技术可靠,为在高速局域网内构建视频监控系统提供有效的技术支持。     

Interpreting the Ribchester Helmet

In 1796 a 13-year-old boy playing on wasteland behind his father’s house in Ribchester, Lancashire discovered an assemblage of over 30 Roman artefacts, including a decorated brass helmet. Although partially corroded the Ribchester helmet is a fine example of a first-century AD cavalry sports helmet. This article considers how the interpretation of the helmet has evolved since its discovery. The multi-faceted iconography of the helmet with its mural crown diadem is that of an elite soldier and is paralleled in other examples of cavalry sports helmets of the Ribchester type. The long-neglected imagery on the helmet bowl is reinterpreted and seen not as a haphazard collection of randomly placed combatants but as a highly structured, symmetrical composition specifically designed to be viewed from different directions.     

Desert insurgency: lessons from the third Tuareg rebellion

This article provides an in-depth examination and analysis of the 2006–2009 Tuareg rebellion in Mali and Niger. It identifies the underlying reasons behind the rebellion, explores contrasting counter-insurgency (COIN) strategies employed by the two governments, and presents some lessons learned. While both COIN approaches ultimately produced similar peace settlements, the article argues that the Malian strategy of reconciliation combined with the selective use of force was far more effective than the Nigerien iron fist approach at limiting the size and scope of the insurgency and producing a more sustainable peace. It concludes by looking at the role of external actors, particularly the United States, and how the failure to internationalize the conflict was actually more beneficial to the local COIN effort, as well as to the longer strategic interests of the United States in the region.