一种曲伸式 DFB 光纤激光水听器探头的研究

为了提高 DFB(分布反馈式)光纤激光水听器的声压灵敏度,改善其动态特性,设计了一种曲伸式DFB 光纤激光水听器探头结构.该结构在保持激光器原有优点的同时,通过增大声压作用面积并将压力转化为对激光腔的轴向应变,有效地实现了声压增敏,同时通过机械结构改善了水听器的动态特性.利用有限元软件 ANSYS 对该结构进行了优化设计,加工制作了备构件并对 DFB 光纤激光器进行了封装,制作出长度约80 mm、直径仅6 mm的水听器原型样品并进行了实验研究.实验结果表明,采取该种形式的结构对 DFB光纤激光器进行封装后,探头的声压灵敏度提高了约17.5 dB,在500～1 500 Hz频率范围内具有较平坦的灵敏度响应.     

基于特征值的单矢量水听器目标检测算法

针对水下目标检测在低信噪比与非平稳背景噪声情况下性能下降的问题,结合特征值检测算法原理,给出一种单矢量水听器联合信息互相关检测算法。该算法利用电子旋转导向角度与振速信息构成一种组合振速,并结合声压信息得到一种互相关值,在大快拍无信号条件下,该值满足渐进高斯分布;将该值除以解析振速与声压信息的协方差矩阵最小特征值,得到一种检测统计量;通过与门限值比较,实现目标检测。理论分析可见,所提检测算法无须背景噪声的先验信息,并且可以通过调节导向角度提高检测性能;在单目标情况下,利用检测统计量与导向角度的对应关系可实现目标方位估计。仿真与实测数据结果表明,相比于单矢量水听器最大最小特征值检测算法与能量检测算法,所提算法检测性能优良,适合于单矢量水听器目标预警检测。     

矢量阵的快速宽带频域波束形成方法

矢量水听器能获取振速信息,因此由其所组成的阵列有着常规声压阵列所不能比拟的优势,但正因为有了振速各分量信息,基于矢量阵的信号处理面临计算量大为增加的高维协方差矩阵运算的难题,当阵元数较多时,难以实时实现。为此,基于FFT思想,提出了一种适用于矢量水听器阵列的快速宽带频域波束形成方法。该方法在频域实现,将宽带信号分解为多个窄带信号,采用快速傅立叶变换来实现各阵元数据的相移累加过程,处理速度得以大幅提高。研究表明:该方法完全满足实时处理的需求,其测向性能也能达到克拉美-罗下界,且矢量阵具有常规阵所不具有的左右舷分辨能力,对微弱目标的检测能力也较强。     

单矢量水听器水中多目标方位跟踪方法

采用量子粒子群求解声压和质点振速组成的非线性相关方程组,实现多目标声源方位的估计。为提高精度,应用最小二乘法对测量结果进行拟合并建立预测模型,通过卡尔曼滤波对方位轨迹进行优化。结果表明:单矢量水听器能够同时分辨多个目标方位,解算结果应使用统计特性表示;采用本方法最多能分辨7个目标,目标个数越多,方位误差越大;信噪比越高,分辨率和精度越高,偏差越小;通过数据拟合然后卡尔曼滤波的方法能够有效提高目标方位跟踪精度。     

Cu/C复合型润滑添加剂减摩抗磨性能研究

将纳米Cu和纳米金刚石复配成Cu/C复合添加剂,对其在500SN基础油中的减摩抗磨性能进行了研究.结果表明,加入了Cu/C复合添加剂的试油能明显改善500SN基础油的摩擦学性能:当纳米Cu添加量为4%,纳米C添加量为2%时,加入了Cu/C复合添加剂的试油减摩性能最好,同500SN空白试油相比,摩擦因数可降低94.8%;...     

夹芯复合材料圆柱壳在静水压力下的承载能力试验

为研究极限复合材料圆柱壳在静水压力下的损伤现象和机理,首先基于钢制耐压壳比重大以及声学和磁学性能差的缺点,提出了使用夹芯复合材料圆柱壳作为潜水器耐压壳的新型结构形式;然后,采用试验研究,比较了两种模量芯材的夹芯复合材料圆柱壳结构在静水压力下的承载能力;最后,根据两种壳体的特点,设计了两种不同的试验方案进行试验,得到了壳体的失效载荷,并通过应变片测定了壳体复合材料表层上相应测点在试验过程中的应变数据。得到以下结果:HW-S01壳体受到屈曲效应的破坏,而HW-055壳体由于局部复合材料应力过载而失效;HW-S01壳体的试验失效荷载为1.34 MPa,HW-055壳体的失效载荷为11.2 MPa。试验结果表明:该夹芯复合材料圆柱壳有能力承受超过1 000 m水深的静水压力,可以对大潜深潜水器全复合材料耐压壳的设计研究提供参考。     

轮腿式无人战车越障性能分析

针对非结构化复杂路面环境下无人战车在执行军事运输、抢险救灾等任务时通过性不足的问题,提出了一种轮腿式全液压驱动的8轮无人战车,该战车通过摆臂的协同控制调整其运行姿态,可适应不同的复杂地形。越障性能是衡量无人战车通过性的关键要素,建立无人战车的越障动力学模型和姿态规划模型,通过求取轮腿式无人战车不同越障高度与摆臂摆角的关系式,得到无人战车典型垂直墙障碍的越障性能。在理论分析的基础上,利用QT、Simulink、ADAMS建立综合仿真平台,进行了仿真验证。研究表明：轮腿式全液压驱动的8轮无人战车可完成高度为轮胎直径1.176倍的垂直墙越障,具有良好的地形适应能力,为8轮无人战车的实验测试提供了理论参考。     

基于圆柱体缺陷构件的超声探伤重构研究

圆柱体构件中非轴对称人造缺陷偏心圆孔的超声探伤一直是无损检测的难点。基于脉冲反射原理设计超声实验平台,根据检测回波信号判定偏心圆孔缺陷所呈现的特征。在实验研究基础上,针对声场在圆柱体工件内部的传播情况,根据惠更斯原理以圆柱体为发射声源,基于k-wave仿真工具箱建立仿真平台,并利用声学传感器接收声波信号,设计的仿真平台能够实现360°同时刻采集工件的发射信号,同时利用传播过程中声压强弱的变化构建声场模型。根据采集的信号采用逆时反演重构模型,直观可视化地重构了内部缺陷的位置形状信息。     

无障板水下声辐射特性的参数影响规律研究

平板作为工程结构最常见的形式,探讨其振声性能的基本变化规律对指导结构减振降噪设计具有重要意义。首先,基于各向同性材料无障板振声理论,推导了无障板的声压积分方程;然后,将结构的动力方程代入无障板形式的振速方程中,通过离散声压差值和叠加板的振动模态位移,并参考有障板的声辐射阻抗表达形式,得到无障板的声辐射阻抗,进而求解振动和声辐射响应;最后,以水下简支矩形板为例,计算对比了声辐射参数,分析了模量、密度、厚度、损耗等对无障板振声性能的影响规律。结果表明:板的刚度、阻尼均可直接影响结构的振动,材料模量、厚度以及损耗因子参数越大,壳板的减振降噪性能越优越。     

中国急需新型海洋科学考察船

建国50余年来,由于国力所限,中国的海洋科考在研究精度和考察范围仍无法全面满足海洋开发与国防建设的需求。目前,我国海区内仍有许多资料空白区,而未全海区高精度覆盖式探测。即便如此,我国现役海洋科学考察船多数船只已过了“青壮年”时期,有些已近“退役期”,同时船只的性能和探测设备也很落后,大部分海洋探测设备和科研仪器未及时更新,整体配套不完善,探测手段落后、探测覆盖范围小,难以满足多学科联合考察的需求;缺乏海上现场处理资料和资料传输能力,资料处理必须在返航后由陆上实验室完成,缺乏及时处理和跟踪处理能力,快速反应能力差,更缺乏与陆上实验室同步联合处理能力。此外,现有科考船船体减噪措施不完备,船舶噪声大,无法满足声学实验研究的要求;油耗高,运行费用昂贵。这样的科考船远不能适应我国海洋科学考察和参与国际海洋科学实验研究的要求。海洋综合科学考察船的落后状况已成为制约我国海洋研究发展的重要因素。不能适应我国对近海管辖海域的观测,更不能满足进行深海(像南海等)的科学研究和资源调查开发、维护我国正当权益的要求。为此,中国科学院海洋科学研究所名誉所长、中科院     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.