一种基于当前统计模型的模糊交互多模型算法

研究了模糊交互多模型算法(FIMM)和基于当前统计模型(CS)的自适应滤波算法,提出了一种基于当前统计模型的模糊交互多模型算法(CSFIMM)。该算法克服了模糊交互多模型算法精度较低和当前统计模型自适应滤波器方差调整有限的缺点。通过仿真,对所提出的算法和交互多模型(IMM)算法以及FIMM算法在估计精度和计算量两个方面进行了比较。     

自适应网格交互多模型算法

研究和设计了一种模型集合自适应方法——自适应网格方法。并将其与交互多模型算法相结合,提出了自适应网格交互多模型(AGIMM)算法,它是一种变结构多模型算法。仿真显示它能有效地提高IMM估计器的费效比。     

基于球坐标系下BLUE滤波的IMM算法

针对机动目标跟踪中常见的量测转换问题,提出了一种基于球坐标系下最优线性无偏估计滤波的交互多模型算法。该算法的核心思想是将最优线性无偏估计滤波作为交互多模型中的基本滤波,完成对机动目标的跟踪。在仿真试验中,将该算法与基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的交互多模型算法进行比较,结果表明该算法有效地抑制了扩展卡尔曼滤波中常见的滤波发散问题,并且提高了跟踪的精度,具有较好的实用性。     

基于模型概率估计的两层交互多模型算法

在机动目标跟踪问题的研究中,针对转弯机动目标跟踪精度差的问题,设计了一种利用模型概率对模型集合进行实时计算的两层交互多模型算法。该算法由第一层目标转弯速率的粗估计和第二层目标状态向量的精估计构成,它利用第一层模型计算出的目标运动估计转弯速率,构建与当前目标运动状态匹配程度较高的第二层转弯模型集合,并将该转弯模型集合运用于状态估计中。仿真结果证明了该算法在针对转弯机动目标时仍有较好的跟踪精度。     

自适应交互多模型算法在机动目标跟踪中的应用

针对多模型算法在机动目标跟踪中存在的问题,运用交互多模型算法(IMM)和自适应滤波理论,设计了一种自适应交互多模型算法(AIMM),结合目标运动模型对目标当前加速度和其方差进行估计,并在此基础上给出了AIMM中模型集和模型转移概率的设计方法,进行了计算机仿真.蒙特卡罗仿真结果表明,与标准IMM算法相比,该算法比IMM算法的跟踪性能有很大提高,跟踪复杂机动目标比IMM有更快的收敛速度,跟踪滞后问题得到较好的解决,跟踪目标的稳定性和精确性均优于IMM算法,有利于机动目标的实时跟踪.     

基于期望模型的变结构交互多模型算法

采用变结构思想,提出一种基于期望系统噪声模型的变结构交互多模型算法。算法中,预测噪声变化范围的噪声模型集不再采用固定结构,而是根据量测新息在线辨识和调整,使之更加接近于目标的真实运动模式。基于模型匹配概率与先验的马尔科夫切换概率调整期望系统噪声模型噪声方差,得到一个最优的系统噪声模型集。将该算法与交互多模型算法相结合,得到一种变结构交互多模型算法。仿真结果表明,该算法对机动目标的跟踪精度要优于固定结构的交互多模型算法。     

变结构多模型估计第III部分:模型群切换算法

本文提出了一种称为模型群切换算法(MGS)的通用的变结构多模型(VSMM)估计器.它假设整个模型集合可以用一定数目的模型群来覆盖,每个模型群代表相互间紧密联系的一族系统行为方式或结构,在任何给定时刻,由一个硬决策来决定具体运行的模型群。它是第一种可普遍应用于一大类具有混合(连续或离散)不确定性问题的VSMM估计器。同时,它很容易实现。通过一个简单的失效检测和识别的例子显示当具有与固定结构的交互多模型(FSIMM)估计器相同的性能时,MGS算法可以从本质上减少计算量。     

变结构多模型估计第Ⅲ部分——模型群切换算法

本文提出了一种称为模型群切换算法(MGS)的通用的变结构多模型(VSMM)估计器.它假设整个模型集合可以用一定数目的模型群来覆盖,每个模型群代表相互间紧密联系的一族系统行为方式或结构,在任何给定时刻,由一个硬决策来决定具体运行的模型群.它是第一种可普遍应用于一大类具有混合(连续或离散)不确定性问题的VSMM估计器.同时,它很容易实现.通过一个简单的失效检测和识别的例子显示当具有与固定结构的交互多模型(FSIMM)估计器相同的性能时,MGS算法可以从本质上减少计算量.     

变结构多模型估计第Ⅳ部分——模型群切换算法的设计和评估

在第Ⅲ部分提出了一种称为模型群切换算法(MGS)的变结构多模型(VSMM)估计器它是第一种通用的、可应于一大类具有混合(连续或离散)不确定性问题的VSMM估计器.在这种算法中,模型集合通过在一定数目预先确定的模型群之间的切换来实现自适应.它比固定结构MM(FSMM)估计器,包括交互多模型估计器(IMM)具有更大的潜力获得更高的费效比.本文研究了算法应用中的一些比较重要的问题,包括模型群自适应逻辑和模型群的设计.研究的结果通过一个机动目标跟踪问题的详细设计例子进行了演示.这个跟踪问题使用一个时变模型集合,每个模型由目标的加速度期望值表征.仿真结果用来证实在仔细设计和非常随机和确定的情况下,MGS算法同使用所有模型的固定结构IMM(FSIMM)估计的性能(基于更合理和完全的度量,而不是仅使用通常的rms误差)和计算复杂程度的比较.     

面向非广域目标的无人机对峙跟踪方法

针对无人机对峙跟踪非广域目标问题,开展目标状态估计与无人机制导方法研究。首先建立非广域地理环境模型,将非广域地理约束作为伪观测方程引入粒子滤波器的观测方程。其次,鉴于目标在运动过程中可能受到多个模型的约束,采用交互多模型滤波算法进行状态估计,即每个模型对应的受约束粒子滤波器并行工作,并对多个滤波器估计结果进行加权,得到更精确的目标运动状态估计值。然后,提出时间最优导航向量场,通过计算期望航向角,引导无人机快速收敛至目标极限环。最后,仿真实验表明,受约束粒子滤波-多交互模型算法相比于传统的滤波算法,估计精度提高了20%,时间最优导航向量场方法相比于传统的导航向量场方法,引导效率提高了15%,所提方法可更有效地用于解决非广域目标对峙跟踪问题。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.