考虑弹体动态特性的机动效率约束导引律

针对考虑交会角和过载约束导引律在大机动时能量损失大的问题,提出一种考虑导弹机动效率的多约束制导律。应用最优二次型原理推导出考虑一阶弹体延迟的时变导引系数闭环次优制导形式,将导弹机动时刻阻力系数引入时变权系数,并通过迭代确定机动效率约束边界。将时变约束表示成剩余时间与弹体延迟时间的函数,代入制导指令,进行弹道仿真。结果表明,对于常值与机动目标,文中制导律与过载约束导引律同只考虑交会角约束的导引律相比,对目标均能实现末端弹道成型要求,而考虑机动效率的制导指令分配更为合理,在避免指令加速度饱和的同时有效降低了拦截末端速度损耗,提高制导精度与毁伤效果。且该制导律中时变权系数无须配平求解,在保证精度的同时极大地提高了迭代速度。     

自适应二阶滑模的有限时间收敛角度约束制导律

针对终端角度约束制导问题,提出了一种新型基于自适应二阶滑模的有限时间收敛角度约束制导律.构建非奇异有限时间收敛滑模面,保证了滑模面上角度及角速率误差有限时间快速收敛.采用参数自适应二阶滑模算法构建角度约束制导律,所设计的制导律不仅可抑制目标机动加速度等未知干扰,而且可确保滑模面的有限时间可达.相比采用传统二阶滑模或者含有切换项的滑模制导律,所提出的制导律参数可自适应变化,从而无需提前已知目标加速度等不确定项的上界信息.在各种目标机动情况下仿真,结果表明所设计的制导律具有强自适应以及快速收敛的制导性能.     

考虑落角约束与驾驶仪特性的自适应径向基空间末制导律

为使舰炮制导炮弹在打击近岸机动目标的末制导段满足落角约束,考虑驾驶仪动态特性,基于自适应径向基逼近网络与动态面提出一种空间末制导律。构建弹目相对运动模型,通过带改进微分跟踪器的扩张状态观测器估计目标加速度。为零化视线角跟踪误差与角速率,采用自适应指数趋近律设计非奇异终端滑模,运用自适应径向基逼近网络削弱控制指令抖振。通过Lyapunov第二法证明了系统的视线角跟踪误差与视线角速率均最终一致有界。仿真实验表明:该末制导律使制导炮弹在空间中打击不同机动形式的近岸目标时,具备良好的末制导性能。     

考虑落角约束与驾驶仪特性的自适应RBF空间末制导律

为使大口径舰炮制导炮弹在打击近岸机动目标的末制导段满足落角约束,现考虑自动驾驶仪动态特性,基于自适应RBF逼近网络与动态面滑模提出一种空间末制导律。构建空间弹目相对运动模型,通过带改进微分跟踪器的扩张状态观测器估计目标加速度。为零化视线角跟踪误差与视线角速率,采用自适应指数趋近律设计非奇异终端滑模动态面,并运用自适应RBF逼近网络削弱控制指令抖振。通过Lyapunov第二法证明了全系统中视线角跟踪误差与视线角速率均最终一致有界。仿真实验表明：该末制导律使制导炮弹在空间中打击具有不同机动形式的近岸目标时,均具备良好的末制导性能。     

带攻击角约束的抗饱和固定时间收敛制导律

针对传统固定时间终端滑模制导方法在末制导中存在的奇异性、收敛速度慢以及加速度受约束问题,提出一种考虑攻击角、加速度约束的快速非奇异固定时间滑模制导律。利用终端滑模方法,构造快速收敛的新型非奇异终端滑模面,保证视线角、视线角速率在满足加速度约束的同时,能够在给定的固定时间内快速收敛至期望值,收敛时间上界独立于系统的初始状态。通过构造趋近律来设计新型固定时间制导律,并利用Lyapunov稳定性理论,对所设计的制导律进行理论分析与证明。最后通过仿真,验证了所设计制导律与其他固定时间收敛制导律相比,具有较快的收敛速度。     

非奇异快速终端滑模及动态面控制的轨迹跟踪制导律

针对飞行器跟踪预设轨迹的问题,提出非奇异快速终端滑模和角度约束的轨迹跟踪制导律。通过引入虚拟目标点,提出参考轨迹曲率半径的期望视线角约束条件,建立带有视线角约束并考虑自动驾驶仪动态特性的轨迹跟踪数学模型。为了保证在有限时间内跟踪预设轨迹并避免出现奇异问题,采用快速非奇异终端滑模和动态面控制方法进行制导律设计。推导出视线角误差和轨迹跟踪误差之间的数学关系,并利用Lyapunov稳定性准则证明轨迹跟踪误差最终有界任意小。与弹道成型轨迹跟踪制导律进行仿真对比,仿真结果表明所提出的制导律具有良好的跟踪性能及鲁棒性。     

BTT导弹制导律研究综述

与STT导弹相比,BTT导弹在气动效率、机动能力、控制性能等方面具有明显优势,但其运动耦合特性也给传统研究框架下的制导律设计带来了挑战。本文针对BTT导弹制导律设计问题展开研究,首先描述了BTT导弹制导基本问题,分析了BTT导弹制导律设计的技术难点,需要综合考虑运动耦合、多约束、目标机动、弹体动态效应等因素,然后综述了国内外现代制导律设计的基本方法,将其分为双通道解耦法、球坐标法、现代几何法等,最后指出了BTT导弹制导律的进一步研究方向。     

零控脱靶量有限时间收敛制导律

针对高速机动目标的拦截问题,研究了一种考虑导弹自动驾驶仪动态特性的零控脱靶量有限时间收敛制导律。对导弹-目标三维相对运动几何关系进行解耦,并考虑导弹的自动驾驶仪动态特性,推导了一种新型三维零控脱靶量模型;在此基础上,基于自适应滑模控制理论和有限时间稳定性理论,选取俯仰平面和偏航平面的零控脱靶量为滑模面,设计了零控脱靶量有限时间收敛三维自适应滑模制导律;对该制导律的稳定性和有限时间收敛特性进行了分析和证明。仿真结果表明,与比例制导律相比,所设计的制导律可使导弹的零控脱靶量在有限时间内收敛到零,且具有更高的制导精度。     

变论域模糊自适应滑模有限时间收敛制导律

针对拦截高速机动目标的需求,研究了一种变论域模糊自适应滑模有限时间收敛制导律。推导了导弹-目标空间拦截模型,设计了三维滑模制导律;根据有限时间收敛制导律专家的经验,采用模糊自适应控制方法对滑模制导律的非切换项进行逼近,并设计了有限时间收敛模糊控制规则;提出了一种新型变论域伸缩因子,设计了基于新型伸缩因子的变论域模糊自适应滑模有限时间收敛制导律。仿真结果表明,所设计的制导律能够使导弹准确命中目标,并能够达到视线角速率有限时间收敛,且与比例制导律相比,具有更高的制导精度和更短的飞行时间。     

一种新的非线性末制导律设计

基于拦截机动目标的末制导问题,提出了一种新的具有鲁棒性的非线性末制导律。基于二维平面内弹目相对运动学关系,将目标机动作为有界干扰量,建立了描述弹目相对运动的数学模型。引入一阶弹体动态特性,借助于零化弹目视线角速率的思想,采用Nussbaum-type增益技术,设计一种非线性鲁棒末制导律,同时利用Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了在该制导律作用下末制导系统的稳定性。最后通过与比例导引律进行对比,数字仿真验证了所设计的非线性制导律的有效性,具有很强的鲁棒性和适应性。     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Panjwai: a tale of two COINs in Afghanistan

The US Army has two approaches to counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan. One is hard, or combat-focused, and the other is soft, or development-focused. This study examines two US Army task forces deployed to Panjwai District, Afghanistan from 2012 to 2013. CTF 4-9 and 1-38 offer a meaningful comparison because they pursued these contrasting approaches among the same population and against the same enemy at the same time and place. The study compares each unit’s approach and finds that neither approach was successful absent the other. The article concludes by recommending further research into combining the approaches at the operational level.     

线性核时频信号表示及其仿真

根据ｃｈｉｒｐ信号在模糊域的特点,本文提出了线性核时频表示方法。这种方法在提高分辨率、消除交叉项以及抑制噪声等方面都具有较高的性能。理论分析和实验结果都证实了这种方法的有效性     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

Forecasting a Hurricane: Israeli and American Estimations of the Khomeini Revolution

The surprising ‘Arab Spring’ raises the question as to what would enable national intelligence to provide high quality warnings prior to the eruption of popular revolutions. This article uses new sources of evidence to trace and explain Israel's success in comparison to US failure at correctly estimating the course of the Iranian Revolution in 1977–79. In explaining this variance, the article shows that it was mainly the result of the intimate acquaintance of Israel's representatives in Iran with the local language, history and culture, as well as the ability to communicate with locals – tools which the Americans completely lacked.     

关于教师继续教育培训模式的思考

继续教育作为终身教育的重要组成部分和基本形式,对教师的发展成长意义重大。继续教育工作开展十多年来,取得了一定的成绩,但还存在不少问题,如学习动机较为被动,管理认识不到位,教学内容陈旧空泛,教学方法呆板机械等。随着课程改革的不断深入,继续教育必须采取相应的改进措施,树立以人为本,服务至上的观点,教学内容的前瞻性与实用性并重,教学人员进行整合,教学方法灵活多样,评价考核规范科学等,以此激活受训教师内在的学习动机,更大程度地提高继续教育培训的实际效果。     

用DirectShow实现网络视频

目前市场上的网络监控技术一般用昂贵的硬件设备来支撑,投资较大。在深入研究微软的DirectX9.0的基础上,提出如何用DirectShow软件技术和普通的数字摄像头来实现网络视频的监控和实现技术,内容涉及通信协议、视频的编码与解码技术、视频的编码格式和COM组件编程技术等,最终的实验结果令人满意,且费用低廉,技术可靠,为在高速局域网内构建视频监控系统提供有效的技术支持。     

Interpreting the Ribchester Helmet

In 1796 a 13-year-old boy playing on wasteland behind his father’s house in Ribchester, Lancashire discovered an assemblage of over 30 Roman artefacts, including a decorated brass helmet. Although partially corroded the Ribchester helmet is a fine example of a first-century AD cavalry sports helmet. This article considers how the interpretation of the helmet has evolved since its discovery. The multi-faceted iconography of the helmet with its mural crown diadem is that of an elite soldier and is paralleled in other examples of cavalry sports helmets of the Ribchester type. The long-neglected imagery on the helmet bowl is reinterpreted and seen not as a haphazard collection of randomly placed combatants but as a highly structured, symmetrical composition specifically designed to be viewed from different directions.     

Desert insurgency: lessons from the third Tuareg rebellion

This article provides an in-depth examination and analysis of the 2006–2009 Tuareg rebellion in Mali and Niger. It identifies the underlying reasons behind the rebellion, explores contrasting counter-insurgency (COIN) strategies employed by the two governments, and presents some lessons learned. While both COIN approaches ultimately produced similar peace settlements, the article argues that the Malian strategy of reconciliation combined with the selective use of force was far more effective than the Nigerien iron fist approach at limiting the size and scope of the insurgency and producing a more sustainable peace. It concludes by looking at the role of external actors, particularly the United States, and how the failure to internationalize the conflict was actually more beneficial to the local COIN effort, as well as to the longer strategic interests of the United States in the region.