陶瓷基复合装甲防12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹的靶试研究(Ⅳ)

利用12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹靶试陶瓷基的3种复合装甲板,探讨弹-靶的相互作用,研究陶瓷基复合装甲结构与陶瓷材料的抗弹性能.结果发现:当陶瓷板对弹丸的阻力与弹丸的作用力平衡时,陶瓷板可将弹丸挡在陶瓷板前;Al203陶瓷的抗弹能力优于(SiC+ Si)陶瓷;须约束陶瓷板才能充分发挥其抗弹优势.在分析弹-靶作用的基础上,提出“陶瓷基复合装甲存在陶瓷组元的弹靶临界厚度”概念,当陶瓷厚度大于临界厚度时,陶瓷板能将弹丸挡在陶瓷板前,而陶瓷自身的损害几乎可以忽略;陶瓷材料存在弹靶临界厚度的必要条件是其动态硬度高于弹丸,临界厚度取决于材料动态特性、靶板结构和靶板各组元的结合强度.     

不同侵彻速度下陶瓷复合装甲等效均质钢靶板的建立

利用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA对钨合金长杆弹侵彻陶瓷复合装甲与均质钢进行了数值仿真。重点分析了长杆弹垂直侵彻复合装甲全过程,研究了钨合金长杆弹体入射速度与弹体剩余动能、损失动能之间的关系。同时,拟合了长杆弹在不同入射速度侵彻均质钢靶下弹体剩余动能与靶板厚度之间的关系。并根据终点效应关系式,建立了弹体在不同入射速度下陶瓷复合装甲的均质钢等效靶板。分析结果表明,陶瓷复合装甲等效均质钢靶板厚度随弹体入射速度呈先增加后稳定趋势。研究结果对毁伤效能试验与战斗部设计等具有一定的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

Kevlar纤维层合板抗弹性能的数值模拟

采用Ansys/Ls-dyna建立了Kevlar纤维层合板的三维有限元模型,模拟了Kevlar纤维层合板的抗侵彻过程和抗弹性能,模拟结果与实验吻合较好,证明了模拟方法以及模型参数的合理性.在此基础上讨论了靶板的抗弹机理以及破坏方式,分析得到了随着靶板厚度的变化,抗弹性能会出现一个拐点,靶板破坏方式会发生变化,而在拐点之...     

无攻角弹体斜侵彻多层间隔混凝土靶板特性

为了能清楚地了解无攻角弹体斜侵彻多层间隔混凝土靶板的特性,采用LS-DYNA3D动力有限元软件对弹-靶作用过程进行了一系列数值模拟研究,描述了斜侵彻过程中的基本现象,分析了弹体X、Y两个方向的加速度变化规律,揭示了靶板间距、层数对抗弹性能的影响。研究表明,在总厚度一定的情况下,靶板间距的减小或者层数的增加均会降低靶板的抗弹性能,但当靶板层数较多时,抗弹性能随靶板层数的增加变化不大。所得结论对防御工事、地下掩体的构建具有参考价值。     

半穿甲战斗部侵彻运动加筋板数值模拟

为了研究加筋靶板的运动对半穿甲战斗部侵彻性能的影响,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件对截卵形半穿甲战斗部侵彻运动加筋靶板全过程进行了数值模拟,分析了在不同弹着点处加筋靶板的运动对弹体偏转、弹体剩余动能以及弹体过载的影响。研究结果表明:弹体侵彻运动加筋靶板时发生明显偏转,侵彻性能降低,加速度变化曲线出现新的峰值且该峰值随着靶板速度增大而增大。同时,不同弹着点处弹体偏转角的变化过程,加速度变化规律与峰值大小以及靶板抗弹性能都有显著区别。     

一种钢-铝金属间隙装甲抗小口径穿甲弹的性能研究

为了研究间隙装甲的靶板间距和倾角对装甲抗弹性能的影响规律,设计了一种装甲钢-装甲铝间隙装甲,并进行了不同初速度15.5 mm穿甲弹侵彻该间隙装甲的试验,研究不同弹丸初速下,弹丸和弹靶的破坏形式和破坏机理,在数值模拟和试验结果具有较高的一致性前提下,进一步研究装甲倾角和靶板间距对装甲抗弹性能的影响规律。结果表明：在一定弹靶条件下,装甲倾角较小时(<20°),倾角效应为负效应,装甲倾角较大时(>20°),倾角效应为正效应;当靶板间距小于弹长时,间隙效应呈现负效应,装甲的抗弹性能下降6.7%～18.9%;靶板间距大于弹长时,随着装甲倾角的增大,间隙效应逐渐向正效应转变,装甲的抗弹能力提高25%。研究结果揭示了该钢-铝间隙装甲的抗弹性能,可以为间隙装甲的设计提供有效支持。     

侧向约束陶瓷抗侵彻性能数值模拟

为研究侧向约束、陶瓷尺寸及着靶位置对陶瓷抗侵彻性能的影响,利用AUTODYNA有限元仿真软件对陶瓷块分别在无约束及有约束情况下抗侵彻性能进行了数值模拟。在2种条件下,选取不同直径陶瓷块及相同尺寸陶瓷不同着靶位置为仿真方案,对陶瓷受侵彻过程中的破坏模式、变化规律进行了对比分析。结果表明:在无约束条件下,由于陶瓷尺寸减小及着靶边缘位置均导致无法形成完整陶瓷锥,陶瓷抗侵彻性能明显下降;而约束作用可有效改变陶瓷破坏模式,对陶瓷抗侵彻能力增强明显,能有效改善尺寸减小及着靶边缘位置带来的抗侵彻能力下降的问题。     

陶瓷/薄钢板复合结构靶板抗高速侵彻性能研究

为探讨陶瓷/薄钢板复合结构靶板(ceramic/thin steel targets,CS靶板)的抗高速侵彻机理,通过弹道试验,分析了3 mm厚SiC陶瓷层和0.6 mm厚钢板层的CS靶板的破坏模式和抗侵彻性能,并与面密度基本相同的纯钢板进行了比较。在此基础上,基于能量守恒原理,建立了CS靶板抗高速侵彻的理论预测模型,并与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明,CS靶板中前陶瓷层的存在,使得后钢板层的破坏模式由剪切冲塞转变为花瓣开裂,大大提升了后钢板层的抗侵彻吸能效率,从而使得CS靶板的整体抗侵彻性能高于等面密度的纯钢板,CS靶板的整体抗侵彻效率较等面密度纯钢板提升15%以上;弹体穿透CS靶板后的剩余速度理论预测值与试验结果吻合较好,相对误差均在5%以内,验证了理论模型的合理性和有效性。     

陶瓷破片侵彻钛合金薄靶实验及数值模拟研究

为了研究非金属陶瓷破片对钛合金薄靶的侵彻效能,采用弹道冲击实验与有限元数值模拟相结合的方法,开展了破片直径和着靶角度对靶板破坏形态及弹道极限的影响研究。结果表明：在弹道极限情况下,陶瓷破片对钛合金薄靶的侵彻形态主要分为瓣裂穿孔和冲塞穿孔。其中,钛合金靶厚度为0.5～0.8 mm时,靶板的破坏形式主要以瓣裂穿孔为主,靶板厚度为1.0～1.5 mm时,对靶板的破坏形式为瓣裂穿孔和冲塞穿孔2种方式的耦合状态,靶板厚度为2.0 mm时,靶板的破坏方式为冲塞穿孔。随着破片直径的增大,陶瓷破片对靶板的弹道极限(V₅₀)逐渐减小,靶板背面造成的盘式隆起越明显。同时,随着陶瓷破片着角的增加,侵彻靶板的V₅₀也随之增加,当着角大于75°时,破片发生跳飞现象。研究结论对于反卫星武器战斗部威力设计具有重要意义。     

钛合金靶板抗105mm穿甲模拟弹倾角效应数值计算

运用AUTODYN非线性显式动力学程序,对半无限厚钛合金靶板抗105mm钨合金穿甲模拟弹的倾角效应进行了数值模拟计算。结果表明：本数值模拟条件下,倾角小于30°时,半无限厚钛合金靶板抗105mm钨合金穿甲模拟弹的倾角效应不明显;倾角在中大角度（≥30°）时,呈较明显的倾角正效应;105mm钨合金穿甲模拟弹侵彻半无限厚钛合金靶板的跳弹角β在65°～70°间。     

Experimental investigation on anti-penetration performance of polyurea-coated ASTM1045 steel plate subjected to projectile impact

In this study, the anti-penetration performance of polyurea/ASTM1405-steel composite plate subjected to high velocity projectile was analyzed. Two kinds of modified polyurea material (AMMT-053 and AMMT-055) were selected and a ballistic impact testing system including speed measuring target system and high-speed camera was designed. This experiment was conducted with a rifle and 5.8 mm projectile to explore the effects by the polyurea coating thickness, the polyurea coating position and the glass-fiber cloth on the anti-penetration performance of polyurea/ASTM1405-steel composite plate. The result showed that the effects of polyurea coating position were different between two types of polyurea, and that the effects of glass-fiber position were disparate between two types of polyurea as well. For AMMT-053 polyurea material, it was better to be on front face than on rear face; whereas for AMMT-055 pol-yurea, it was better to be on rear surface although the difference was very subtle. Additionally, formulas had been given to describe the relationship between the effectiveness of polyurea and the thickness of polyurea coating. In general, AMMT-055 had better anti-penetration performance than AMMT-053. Furthermore, five typical damage modes including self-healing, crack, local bulge, spallation and local fragmentation were defined and the failure mechanism was analyzed with the results of SHPB test. Additionally, the bonding strength played an important role in the anti-penetration performance of polyurea/steel composite plate.     

Fabrication of AA7005/TiB2-B4C surface composite by friction stir processing: Evaluation of ballistic behaviour

The present work aims to enhance the ballistic resistance of AA7005 alloy by incorporating the TiB₂ and B₄C ceramic reinforcement particles. Surface composites with different weight fractions of TiB₂ and B₄C particles were processed by friction stir processing. Micro-hardness and depth of penetration tests were carried out to evaluate the ballistic properties of the surface composites. The surface hardness of the composite was found to be nearly 70 HV higher than base alloy. The depth of penetration of the steel projectile was 20–26 mm in the composites as compared to 37 mm in the base alloy. Ballistic mass efficiency factor of the surface composite was found to be 1.6 times higher than base alloy. This is mainly attributed to the dispersion strengthening from the reinforcement particles.     

Interface defeat studies of long-rod projectile impacting on ceramic targets

The interface defeat phenomenon always occurs when a long-rod projectile impacting on the ceramic target with certain velocity, i.e., the projectile is forced to flow radially on the surface of ceramic plates for a period of time without significant penetration. Interface defeat has a direct effect upon the ballistic performance of the armor piercing projectile, which is studied numerically and theoretically at present. Firstly, by modeling the projectiles and ceramic targets with the SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) particles and Lagrange finite elements, the systematic numerical simulations on interface defeat are performed with the commercial finite element program AUTODYN. Three different responses, i.e., complete interface defeat, dwell and direct penetration, are reproduced in different types of ceramic targets (bare, buffered, radially confined and oblique). Furthermore, by adopting the validated numerical algorithms, constitutive models and the corresponding material parameters, the influences of projectile (material, diameter, nose shape), constitutive models of ceramic (JH-1 and JH-2 models), buffer and cover plate (thickness, constraints, material), as well as the prestress acted on the target (radial and hydrostatic) on the interface defeat (transition velocity and dwell time) are systematically investigated. Finally, based on the energy conservation approach and taking the strain rate effect of ceramic material into account, a modified model for predicting the upper limit of transition velocity is proposed and validated. The present work and derived conclusions can provide helpful reference for the design and optimization of both the long-rod projectile and ceramic armor.     

陶瓷基复合装甲防12.7mm穿甲燃烧弹的靶试研究（Ⅰ）

基于对材料特性和防弹机理的认识,设计了由Al2O3陶瓷、616装甲钢和高强PE材料构成的陶瓷基复合装甲板,并用现役127.mm穿甲燃烧弹进行靶试考核,检验靶板设计思路,结果表明：防护面密度为128 kg/m2的靶板可防住该弹。     

Influence of thickness and projectile shape on penetration resistance of the compliant composite

The present study deals with development of conceptual proof for jute rubber basedflexible composite block to completely arrest the projectile impacting the target at high velocity impact of 400 m/s through numerical simulation approach using finite element (FE) method. The proposed flexible composite blocks of repeating jute/rubber/jute (JRJ) units are modelled with varying thickness from 30 mm to 120 mm in increments of 30 mm and impacted by flat (F), ogival (O) and hemispherical (HS) shaped projectiles. All the considered projectiles are impacted with proposed flexible composite blocks of different thicknesses and the penetration behaviour of the projectile in each case is studied. The penetration depth of the projectile in case of partially penetrated cases are considered and the effect of thickness and projectile shape on percentage of penetration depth is statistically analyzed using Tagu-chi's design of experiments (DOE). Results reveal that the though proposedflexible composite block with thickness of 90 mm is just sufficient to arrest the complete penetration of the projectile, considering the safety issues, it is recommended to use theflexible composite with thickness of 120 mm. The nature of damage caused by the projectile in the flexible composite is also studied. Statistical studies show that thickness of the block plays a prominent role in determining the damage resistance of the flexible composite.     

Damage of multi-layer spaced metallic target plates impacted by radial layered PELE

Three different kinds of PELE (the penetrator with lateral efficiency) were launched by ballistic artillery to impact the multi-layer spaced metal target plates. The impact velocities of the projectiles were measured by the velocity measuring system. The damage degree and process of each layer of target plate impacted by the three kinds of projectiles were analyzed. The experimental results show that all the three kinds of projectiles have the effect of expanding holes on the multi-layer spaced metal target plates. For the normal structure PELE(without layered) with tungsten alloy jacket and the radial layered PELE with tungsten alloy jacket, the diameters of holes on the second layer of plates are 3.36 times and 3.76 times of the diameter of the projectile, respectively. For radial layered PELE with W/Zr-based amorphous composite jacket, due to the large number of tungsten wires dispersed after the impact, the diameter of the holes on the four-layer spaced plates can reach 2.4 times, 3.04 times, 5.36 times and 2.68 times of the diameter of the projectile. Besides, the normal structure PELE with tungsten alloy jacket and the radial layered PELE whit tungsten alloy jacket formed a large number of fragments impact marks on the third target plate. Although the number of fragments penetrating the third target plate is not as large as that of the normal structure PELE, the area of dispersion of fragments impact craters on the third target plate is larger by the radial layered PELE. The radial layered PELE with W/Zr-based amorphous composite jacket released a lot of heat energy due to the impact of the matrix material, and formed a large area of ablation marks on the last three target plates.     

Round robin using the depth of penetration test method on an armour grade alumina

The depth of penetration (DOP) method is a well-known ballistic test method for characterisation and ranking of ceramic armour materials. The ceramic tile is bonded to a backing material of semi-infinite thickness, and the penetration depth of the projectile gives a measure of the performance of the ceramic. There is, however, an inherent variability in the results from this test method. In this work, the accuracy and the variability of the DOP method has been investigated in a round robin exercise. Six ballistic test centres took part in the exercise. A test protocol was developed, in which the threat type (projectile and impact conditions) and a procedure on how to prepare the targets were specified. The targets consisted of alumina tiles of two different thicknesses that were bonded to polycarbonate backing cubes. Two different 7.62 mm armour piercing projectiles were employed; one with a hard steel core and one with a tungsten carbide core. The projectiles and the other materials all came from single material batches in order to avoid batch-to-batch variations in material properties. These materials were distributed between the ballistic test centres. The test results of the different ballistic test facilities were collected and compared. There was not a lot of variation between the average DOP values obtained at each laboratory, but the variation in penetration depth between shots was high. The consequence of this variation may be less confidence in the test results, and a statistical method was used to evaluate the required number of tests that are sufficient to obtain an average result with high confidence. In most cases, the required number of tests is much higher than what is practically feasible. This work was conducted as part of the European Defence Agency-project CERAMBALL.     

Experimental study on ceramic balls impact composite armor

Ceramic balls represent a new type of damaging element, and studies on their damaging power of composite armor are required for a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of various types of weapons. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of ϕ7 mm toughened Al₂O₃ ceramic balls on a composite ceramic/metal armor. The influences of the ceramic panel and the thickness of the metal backing material on the destroying power of the ceramic balls were first determined. Based on the agreement between numerical simulation, experimental results, and calculation models of the target plate resistance, the response mechanism of the ceramic balls was further analyzed. The results indicate that for a back plate of Q235 steel, with an increasing thickness of the ceramic panel, the piercing speed limit of the ceramic balls gradually increases and the diameter of the out-going hole on the metal back decreases. Different conditions were tested to assess the effects on the piercing speed, the diameter of the out-going hole, the micro-element stress, and the integrity of the recovered ceramic bowl.     

不同截面形状复合长杆弹对陶瓷复合靶板侵彻研究

采用数值模拟技术研究了由3种不同截面形状的钨芯外包覆一层钢,形成的钢包覆层复合长杆弹在入射速度为1200m/s～1700m/s时对陶瓷/金属复合靶板的侵彻过程。结果表明:对于同一入射速度、相同弹体长度、同种材料的弹芯和包覆层以及靶板材料而言,等面积的六边形截面钨芯复合长杆弹的侵彻深度明显大于圆形及方形截面,方形及六边形截面与和它们等外接圆形成的圆形截面复合长杆弹侵彻深度没有明显差别,本研究认为这是与不同截面钨芯的外接圆直径直接相关。六边形截面长杆弹侵彻过程中的自锐化现象是其侵彻深度明显大于其它两种弹体的主要原因。     

Partial penetration of annular grooved projectiles impacting ductile metal targets

Changing and optimizing the projectile nose shape is an important way to achieve specific ballistic performance. One special ballistic performance is the embedding effect, which can achieve a delayed high-explosive reaction on the target surface. This embedding effect includes a rebound phase that is significantly different from the traditional penetration process. To better study embedment behavior, this study proposed a novel nose shape called an annular grooved projectile and defined its interaction process with the ductile metal plate as partial penetration. Specifically, we conducted a series of low-velocity-ballistic tests in which these steel projectiles were used to strike 16-mm-thick target plates made with 2024-O aluminum alloy. We observed the dynamic evolution characteristics of this aluminum alloy near the impact craters and analyzed these characteristics by corresponding cross-sectional views and numerical simulations. The results indicated that the penetration resistance had a brief decrease that was influenced by its groove structure, but then it increased significantly-that is, the fluctuation of penetration resistance was affected by the irregular nose shape. Moreover, we visualized the distribution of the material in the groove and its inflow process through the rheology lines in microscopic tests and the highlighted mesh lines in simulations. The combination of these phenomena revealed the embed-ment mechanism of the annular grooved projectile and optimized the design of the groove shape to achieve a more firm embedment performance. The embedment was achieved primarily by the target material filled in the groove structure. Therefore, preventing the shear failure that occurred on the filling material was key to achieving this embedding effect.