基于SRUKF仅测角导航的空间交会闭环控制协方差分析

针对基于仅测角导航的空间交会问题,开展了采用线性协方差进行闭环控制误差快速分析方法的研究。建立了基于SRUKF (Square Root Unscented Kalman Filter) 的仅测角导航算法并推导了观测敏感矩阵,构建了基于多脉冲Hill制导的闭环控制线性协方差分析模型。经算例验证,本文提出的闭环控制协方差分析结果与Monte Carlo打靶结果能够很好吻合;该方法适用于采用传统Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)的仅测角导航问题,但其迹向位置的估计存一个与该方向控制误差方差相当的偏心,其误差椭圆的长轴和短轴分别比基于SRUKF的估计结果大了24.68%和20.56%。此外,由于采用了QR分解和Cholesky 因子更新两种高效的代数运算,基于SRUKF的协方差分析模型要比基于EKF的协方差分析模型在计算速度上快了10%。     

平方根无迹卡尔曼滤波仅测角导航的空间交会闭环协方差分析方法

针对基于仅测角导航的空间交会问题,开展了采用线性协方差进行闭环控制误差快速分析方法的研究。建立了基于平方根无迹卡尔曼滤波(Square Root Unscented Kalman Filter,SRUKF)的仅测角导航算法并推导了观测敏感矩阵,构建了基于多脉冲Hill制导的闭环控制线性协方差分析模型。算例验证结果表明:提出的闭环控制协方差分析结果与Monte Carlo打靶结果能够很好地吻合;该方法适用于采用传统扩展卡尔曼滤波(Extended Kalman Filter,EKF)的仅测角导航问题,但其迹向位置的估计存在一个与该方向控制误差方差相当的偏心,其误差椭圆的长轴和短轴分别比基于SRUKF的估计结果大24.68%和20.56%。此外,由于采用了QR分解和Cholesky因子更新两种高效的代数运算,基于SRUKF的协方差分析模型的计算速度要比基于EKF的协方差分析模型的大10%。     

近地快速交会调相策略设计与任务分析

基于我国2天交会对接方案,通过合理减少定轨、变轨参数计算与指令上传及不可测控区域占用的飞行圈次,建立了5圈快速交会对接的调相变轨方案,采用四脉冲修正特殊点变轨算法进行求解。给出了满足调相段终端控制精度所需要的定轨精度,分析了追踪航天器入轨精度、追踪航天器入轨远地点高度、目标轨道高度、调相段终端瞄准点等参数对最优初始相位角范围的影响规律。简要分析了为获得需要的初始相位角,目标航天器的调相策略及追踪航天器可能的发射机会。     

空间快速交会停泊轨道优化设计

针对空间快速交会问题,采用一种新的停泊轨道转移交会的方式。对该停泊轨道优化问题进行了数学描述,建立了停泊轨道优化模型,采用遗传算法进行了仿真计算。结果表明,所设计停泊轨道能满足空间快速交会要求。     

基于珠式模型的绳系卫星安全交会过程建模与仿真

安全交会是绳系卫星空间应用的一个重要拓展。为满足安全交会的高精度需求,考虑重力、拉力和阻尼力的作用建立了绳系卫星系统三维珠式模型。讨论并选择了一种匀速-匀减速展开策略,推导得到平衡位置零相对速度条件下的安全交会末端约束,在此基础上基于反馈线性化基本原理设计了一种子星喷气推力的安全交会控制律。数值仿真基于低轨道和地球同步轨道条件来进行,4个算例的仿真结果验证了珠式模型条件下,匀速-匀减速展开策略及反馈线性化交会控制律的理论可行性,且交会控制力需求表现为同步轨道低于低轨。该方法可为绳系卫星精确交会技术提供一定参考。     

从空间站出发的奔月轨道设计

由于空间站的运行轨道在惯性空间是已经确定的,因此对于基于空间站组装的月球探测器,需要对其奔月轨道做出专门设计.本文结合月球的运动规律,建立了完整的奔月轨道数学模型,并结合工程的实际背景,给出了相应的约束条件,从而将轨道设计问题转化为求解满足一系列约束条件的轨道动力学方程.然后通过选取合理的优化目标和约束参数,利用遗传算法和SOP算法进行求解,计算得到了满足条件的奔月轨道参数.最后,将得到的初步设计结果,与STK计算结果进行了比较,进一步验证了结论的正确性.     

基于改进协方差控制的传感器管理算法

针对传统的基于协方差控制的传感器管理算法使用全遍历方法所造成的计算量大,以及传感器切换频繁的问题,提出了一种基于改进协方差控制的传感器管理算法。该算法在每一时刻首先判断前一时刻所用传感器组是否能够满足目标跟踪需求,以滤波协方差与期望协方差的偏差作为参考,结合量纲变换和特征值求取,为协方差偏差矩阵经过量纲变换后得到的量纲一致阵的所有特征值设定一个精度阈值,然后判断滤波协方差是否满足期望,从而决定是否维持当前选择的传感器组。在目标作匀速、匀加速、协同转弯等多种场景下进行了算法性能测试分析,仿真结果表明,该算法不仅在大部分场景下满足目标跟踪精度,而且能够提高传感器管理算法的实时性,同时降低传感器的切换频率。     

基于多圈Lambert转移的空间交会方法研究

研究了多圈Lambert转移方法在双冲量交会中的应用。利用转移时间与转移轨道的特点,提出了直接求解最大转移圈数的方法,从而提高了多圈Lambert转移问题的求解效率。用该算法对空间交会问题进行了仿真分析,验证了上述方法的有效性,同时也说明在交会时间较长时,利用多圈Lambert交会有利于减少交会所需的能量。     

遥操作交会对接轨道共享控制策略

由于时延和测量、控制偏差的影响,环月轨道遥操作交会对接最终平移段的轨道控制面临诸多问题。针对这些问题,对遥操作交会对接共享控制策略进行研究。运用相对轨道动力学方程构造遥操作交会对接的数学模型,在此基础上推导时延条件下的预显示模型。在考虑可控边界的条件下构造对接安全走廊,提出基于改进人工势场的自控方法,势场函数将航天器与安全走廊的相对距离和逼近速度作为参考量。结合操纵人员的手动控制操作特性,推导共享控制的权重系数,形成共享控制策略。在九自由度遥操作交会对接半实物仿真平台开展仿真试验。仿真结果表明:相比于采用自动控制和手动控制方式而言,共享控制方式能有效克服时延的影响,显著提高环月轨道交会任务对接精度和成功率,改善环月轨道遥操作交会对接控制性能。     

基于最小二乘的导弹外弹道精度分析系统

外弹道测量系统中,合理的布站能提高整个系统对目标的跟踪测量能力,优化的交会方案可提高弹道求解的精度。采用最小二乘法,运用协方差矩阵分析轨道参数精度,通过仿真计算,着重研究如何获取最优交会方案,以及不同的交会方案对外弹道求解精度的影响。试验结果表明,该算法可为外测数据事后处理提供高精度、快速的光测数据处理报告,为合理调整站点布局和人力资源提供依据。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.