THE MILITARY,CIVIL SOCIETY AND DEMOCRACY IN ZAMBIA

The lure of regionalism has had profound effects on the foreign policies of African countries. It is contended that such collaborative efforts will serve as building blocks of a future African Economic Community and African Union. This article explores the experiences of SADC and ECOWAS, prominent African subregional organisations. With the domestic state that is more vulnerable to transnational and international developments, globalisation erodes the capacity of the state to pursue broad-based projects and undermines and transforms international relations. This leads to the ‘new security dilemma’ with the state system becoming the key source of insecurity in the contemporary world. The search for security increasingly involves the resort to different forms of exit from the system. State-centric regional co-operation thus becomes less important and in some cases obsolete. The experiences in Africa suggest a call for a more modest expectation of what regional integration can realistically achieve.     

MULTIPARTY DEMOCRACY IN TANZANIA

This article attempts to understand the manner in which the notion of good governance has been applied in the United Republic of Tanzania. In 1989, the World Bank issued a document which argued that Africa's development problems were in essence a crisis of governance. This became the basis for the imposition of conditionalities in order to establish liberal democratic governments. More than a decade later, good governance still dominates the donor agenda, which is reminiscent of the heyday of colonialism and the civilising mission that thrust Africa into the orbit of the European world, albeit as a ‘dark continent’. Although Tanzania has escaped the more overt political turmoil that plagued neighbouring countries, the country appears to be open to inter-ethnic rivalry due largely to Zanzibar, the site of the greatest opposition to the ruling party, in power since independence. The challenge is to deal with the dysfunctional economy and to meet the growing demands of its population for adequate social services. The ideal of self-reliance espoused by Nyerere is no longer a choice but a necessity.     

PEACEFUL CHANGE AND THE RISE OF SUDAN'S DEMOCRACY MOVEMENT

Negotiations to end Sudan's devastating civil war have repeatedly faltered, but among other developments, the re-emergence of civil society in both the north and south provides greater impetus for peace, as well as greater prospects for democracy and respect for human rights. Particularly important, but thus far relatively unnoticed, is the rise of a southern-led civil society movement in the north. Although Sudan's complex history and demographics provide an explanation for much of the conflict, in fact the conflict is essentially political, while it is this very complexity that could provide a basis for the resolution of the conflict. Some intriguing parallels with South Africa's recent experience underscore the role of civil society, and point to some options for the future.     

谈数学美

美的本质、审美及美的创造是美学的要素,美学在众多学科交叉互融中极具活力,于是数学美就应运而生,其与美学相辅相成。本文对数学美的本质、特征作了探析。     

THE PLACE OF THE AFRICAN COMMISSION IN THE NEW AFRICAN DISPENSATION

The mandate to promote human rights in Africa is a challenging one and the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, whose mandate it is, will have to use partnerships, such as NEPAD and other supportive multilateral institutions to fulfil it. The African human rights enforcement mechanism can only be as strong as the African peoples themselves make it. This paper examines the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights and looks at the role of the Commission in the New African dispensation following the adopting of the Constitutive Act of the African Union and the adoption of the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD).     

THE ICC'S ROLE IN AFRICA

The newly constituted International Criminal Court is an important development in the fight against the most serious crimes of international concern. It will only be possible to look more closely at the role and impact of the court in the world, and Africa in particular, once it is explained how the court and its organs will function. In this regard the court's jurisdiction, the concept of complementarity and the role of the prosecutor are important. It would then be possible to see if the ICC could get involved in Africa, or whether it could be prevented from investigating and prosecuting such crimes. At the moment, it appears that the role of the ICC in Africa will be limited.     

拓扑度理论之近期发展

这是一篇综述文章,介绍了拓扑度理论近十年来的主要成果。     

稀土(R)-铁金属间化合物中的磁相互作用

利用两格点分子场论(MFT),比较了R_nFe_m(n/m=1/3,6/23)和R_nFe_mM_k(M:类金属或其他金属;n/m/k=2/14/1;1/10/2)(即RFe_3,R_6Fe_(23),RFe_(10)V_2,RFe_(10)Mo_2,RF_(10)V_2N_x)两类化合物分子间的磁耦合系数;给出了Fe—Fe、R—R和R—Fe相互作用对居里温度的不同贡献。     

锁相放大器在光纤陀螺信号检测中的应用

讨论了光纤陀螺信号检测的基本原理,分析了锁相放大器参数选择对测试结果的影响。在干涉型去偏光纤陀螺系统中应用锁相放大器进行信号检测,可使系统阈值达到0.1deg/h,零漂达到0.4deg/h.     

EXTENDED DETERRENCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST

The article presents and analyzes the US extended deterrence commitments in the Middle East as well as those provided by regional states, and assesses the effectiveness and credibility of these commitments. The article then proceeds to analyze a situation wherein Iran successfully develops nuclear weapons. It considers first the security requirements and alternatives of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states, and then proceeds to assess the stability—or instability—of an Israeli-Iranian nuclear balance. The enhancement of US extended deterrence in the region is required in order to deter Iran, reassure allies, and contribute to the stability of an Israeli-Iranian nuclear balance. The article also discusses several contextual issues, such as: the future form of US extended deterrence; distinguishing between the latter and other US extended deterrence commitments; and the different approaches of specific GCC states and Israel.     

THE ROLE OF LEGITIMACY IN STRENGTHENING THE NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION REGIME

The nuclear nonproliferation regime and its essential foundation, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), are currently under grave stress. The challenges that have plagued the regime since its inception–universal adherence and the pace of disarmament–persist. But new threats raise questions about the effectiveness of the treaty in preventing the spread of nuclear weapons. These include: clandestine pursuit of nuclear weapons by some NPT parties without the knowledge of the international community and the International Atomic Energy Agency in violation of their obligations; the role of non-state actors in proliferation; and renewed interest in the full nuclear fuel cycle, technology necessary to create fissile material for weapons. This article considers recent prominent proposals to address these three threats and assesses them according to their ability to gain legitimacy, a crucial element in strengthening a regime's overall effectiveness.     

近距离角跟踪特性测定中的电磁兼容性

根据火控雷达光电轴校正原理,用有源辐射喇叭等效升空的角反射器,雷达被动跟踪有源辐射器实现角跟踪特性的检查。根据天线辐射场区条件以及地面反射波的菲涅耳带。通过场地选择和天线架设以消除地面反射波的影响。应用本方法对雷达进行了角跟踪实验,获得了较满意效果。     

光电编码器在调速系统中的应用

本文阐述了用光电编码器代替传统的测速电机和旋转变压器作调速系统反馈元件的技术。结果表明,光电编码器可有效地简化转换电路,更精确地测定出速度和位移两个参数。     

PUBLIC SAFETY AND THE MORAL DILEMMA IN THE DEFENSE AGAINST TERROR

The economic theory of defense has traditionally described public safety as achieved through investments that deter adversaries. Deterrence is, however, ineffective and pre‐emptive defense is required when a population of intended victims confronts supreme‐value suicide terror. A moral dilemma then arises, since pre‐emption may impose collective punishment, while in the absence of pre‐emption the population of intended victims is exposed to acts of terror. We consider how a population of intended terror victims confronts the moral dilemma, and compare the threatened population's response with the public‐safety recommendations of external judges who are not personally affected by the threat of terror.