定应变作用下NEPE推进剂老化特性及寿命预估研究

为考察定应变作用下NEPE推进剂的老化特性,研究了20%定应变作用下NEPE推进剂贮存老化过程中力学性能、凝胶性能和界面性能的变化.研究结果表明:定应变作用下NEPE推进剂在贮存老化过程中最大抗拉强度降低,最大延伸率变化较小,其老化失效主要表现为强度的失效;定应变下NEPE推进剂的凝胶百分数和粘附功随老化时间的延长而降低,NEPE推进剂粘合剂基体的降解断裂和界面的"脱湿"是其主要的老化机理;定应变下NEPE推进剂的力学性能与细观性能的相关性研究表明,最大抗拉强度与凝胶百分数和粘附功存在相关关系,计算了其关系式,建立了由细观性能评估推进剂宏观力学性能的方法;选择最大抗拉强度下降30%时失效,20%定应变下NEPE推进剂的贮存寿命为8.3年.     

具有离解反应的推进剂高压蒸发理论探讨

文中提出了具有液相离解反应的推进剂液滴高压蒸发模型,同时还考虑了燃气中极性气体成份对液滴蒸发的影响,并以N_2O_4推进剂液滴为例分析了具有液相离解反应的推进剂蒸发规律。结果表明,此类推进剂高压蒸发并不服从非液相离解反应推进剂的t_b～(?)。规律。模型的提出为液体火箭发动机燃烧室燃烧过程分析提供了新的液滴蒸发理论数据和计算方法。     

丁羟（HTPB）推进剂老化研究（IV）——过氯酸铵（AP）粒度对老化性能的影响

本文研究了HTPB/AP推进剂中AP粒度对推进剂老化性能的影响。实验是在90℃的空气中进行的。老化性能以推进剂的拉伸性能、邵氏硬度,失重%和燃烧速度等参数为判据,并以DSC图谱作参考。实验结果表明:HTPB/AP推进剂中AP粒度的减小,有助于推进剂贮存老化性能的提高。各种粒度AP的DSC图谱,也进一步证实了这一结论。     

固体推进剂燃烧转爆轰研究通过鉴定

固体推进剂燃烧转爆轰研究于1986年9月25日在国防科技大学通过鉴定。现代固体火箭发动机装药量很大,发动机尺寸达数米;推进剂的能量也愈来愈高,有些推进剂中还加有高能炸药。人们担心,在推进剂生产、贮存和导弹使用中是否会出现燃烧向爆轰转变的灾难性后果?如何控制和避免这种现象?必须从实验和理论上进行研究。因此,该课题是固体推进剂技术与强动载荷技术领域中一项重要的研究课题。     

雾化液滴在气道内的动力学特性及其影响因素

基于单颗粒动力学,用Lagrangian方法建立了液滴在气道内运动的数学模型,用Runge-Kutta法对液滴运动方程进行了数值求解,得到了液滴速度、相对雷诺数和阻力系数沿气道轴向的变化规律,并分析了重力场、液滴粒径、液滴初始速度、液滴出射角度对液滴运动轨迹的影响.结果表明,液滴在气道内的运动分为变速段和恒速段,液滴粒径、初始速度及出射角度等因素对雾滴的运动轨迹也有很大影响,雾滴运动分析时一般不应忽略重力场的作用.     

固体推进剂裂纹摩擦热点形成细观模型分析

分析机械撞击载荷作用下复合固体推进剂内部裂纹摩擦形成热点过程。研究在压应力与剪切应力作用下闭合裂纹滑移、扩展、摩擦生热、热扩散、推进剂热分解及与气相产物相互作用。利用断裂力学、热传导、推进剂热分解动力学方法,建立裂纹摩擦热点细观模型。通过模型数值计算,探讨推进剂裂纹摩擦产生高温热点的过程和条件。分析计算表明裂纹摩擦和扩展可导致推进剂形成高温热点。     

脉冲等离子体推力器工作过程一维磁流体动力学数值模拟

通过耦合脉冲等离子体推力器(PPT)工作过程中电场、磁场、流场之间的相互作用,描述了电容器放电、推进剂烧蚀、等离子体加速流动等过程,建立了基于磁流体动力学(MHD)的一维非定常数学模型,对PPT的工作过程进行数值模拟。对数值模拟结果作了相应分析,并将部分模拟结果与实验数据进行了比较。结果表明,模型正确反映了推力器放电过程、推进剂烧蚀质量与表面温度的变化趋势。     

自燃推进剂组元液滴的高压平衡蒸发计算模型

本文详细分析了自燃推进剂组元液滴在高温高压燃烧室环境下的蒸发——分解燃烧过程,提出了该种液滴的高压平衡蒸发计算模型.模型考虑了液滴界面移动、非理想气体效应、流体物性的变化以及组元的分解和离解效应.应用本模型计算了UDMH和N2O4液滴在不同介质压力、温度和对流强度下的平衡蒸发常数.计算表明,存在一个介质界限压力,超过这一压力就达到超临界蒸发.对于UDMH,当T_∞=3200°K,Le=1.0时,界限压力P_∞=54大气压,而对于N2O4,P_∞=120大气压.计算还表明,UDMH的蒸发速度远大于N_2O_4的蒸发速度.因而可以得出结论,在一般液体火箭发动机的工作条件下,UDMH为超临界蒸发,而N2O_4为亚临界蒸发,而且发动机的燃烧效率主要受N_2O_4的蒸发速度所控制.这一结论已为发动机试车所证实.     

嵌银丝贫氧推进剂燃烧特性

采用试验发动机法 ,对嵌银丝铝镁贫氧推进剂的燃烧特性进行了研究 ,得到了低压下嵌银丝铝镁贫氧推进剂的燃烧规律 ,研究了银丝直径和贫氧推进剂配方对嵌银丝发动机燃速的影响。结果表明 ,嵌银丝贫氧推进剂的燃烧过程由初始工作段、稳定工作段和结束段组成 ;采用较粗的银丝 (0 3mm和0 4mm)可以显著提高贫氧推进剂的燃速 ;提高贫氧推进剂的基础燃速也是提高嵌银丝贫氧推进剂燃速的有效方法之一。     

聚碳硅烷纤维化学气相交联研究

以环己烯作为反应气氛,对聚碳硅烷(PCS)纤维进行了化学气相交联不熔化处理。与空气不熔化进行对比,研究了不熔化过程中PCS纤维的反应程度及凝胶含量的变化,并进行了元素分析和热重差热分析,初步探讨了PCS纤维环己烯化学气相交联反应的机理。结果表明,在环己烯气氛中,PCS分子结构中Si-H键的反应程度随不熔化温度的提高逐渐增加,相应地,PCS纤维的凝胶含量迅速提高直至不熔。环己烯受热后产生自由基,引发PCS分子中的Si-H和Si-CH3键断裂形成自由基,促进PCS分子间形成Si-CH2-Si结构而实现交联。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.