自由变形技术在RAE2822翼型优化设计中的应用

采用自由变形技术实现对RAE2822跨声速翼型表面的参数化,采用试验设计方法对设计参数进行计算流体力学数值模拟样本训练,最后采用Kriging代理模型和MIGA、NLPQL优化算法进行优化分析,将得到的优化变量进一步进行计算流体力学分析获得最后的优化结果。计算结果显示,自由变形参数化方法简单易行,可实现直接对网格的变形;优化的结果相比于原始翼型,升阻比增加了57. 2%,从而证明了本文方法的可行性和有效性。     

含相变材料热结构拓扑优化研究

针对承受热载荷工况的结构,以加强筋作为研究对象,研究了一种通过引入铝基相变材料来延迟结构温升的热控方案,针对相变传热过程非线性强,灵敏度分析困难的问题,基于Kriging代理模型优化算法与设计变量较少的基于材料场级数展开的拓扑描述方法,提出了一种考虑相变传热过程与材料温度效应的以重量为约束,以截面抗弯刚度最大为目标的截面拓扑优化方法。并研究了2种铝基相变材料,得到了在热载荷作用下,使截面抗弯刚度最大的材料分布形式。对优化构型的分析表明,在TA15加强筋截面中加入铝基相变材料可以高效的延长加强筋结构在高温环境中的工作时间。     

应用Isight的复合材料桁架结构优化设计

轻质复合材料及其结构以其优异的力学性能在航天航空飞行器上得到了广泛应用。考察玻璃纤维/环氧复合材料方形截面桁架在典型弯曲载荷工况条件下的非线性结构承载性能。采用Isight集成平台对桁架结构进行多参数优化设计,获得满足结构刚度和承载性能要求的最轻质桁架结构的几何参数,并分析最优化结构在载荷作用下的结构非线性响应行为。结果表明采用Isight平台对桁架结构进行多参数优化设计具有较高的效率和可信度。     

基于GRA-PSO算法的端铣工艺参数多目标优化

考虑生产实际的需求,综合最小变形误差、最大金属切除率和最大刀具耐用度建立端铣工艺参数多目标优化模型。通过对粒子群全局寻优能力和灰色理论的适应性综合分析,研究提出耦合粒子群算法（Particle Swarm Op-timization,PSO）和灰色关联（Gray Relevancy Analysis,GRA）的多目标工艺参数优化算法。该方法将多目标函数的优化问题转化为优化单项灰关联度,得到了多项工艺指标要求下的参数优化组合。将该方法应用在多目标工艺参数优化设计中取得了满意的结果,表明其具有很大的适应性。     

基于WorkBench的车辆差速器非圆锥齿轮副静态与模态特性分析

为进一步证明课题组研制的变传动比限滑差速器非圆齿轮副的结构性能,使用ANSYS WorkBench软件对差速器主要承载件进行静力学与模态分析,得到其应力、变形云图和齿轮副前6阶固有频率和振型,并对差速器进行台架试验,计算得到其锁紧系数值。结果表明:在齿轮副材料选用20CrMnTi的情况下,仿真和试验过程中的等效应力和最大变形值能够满足静力学要求,一阶固有频率远大于齿轮副工作频率,无共振现象发生。     

船体结构刚度对桅杆振动特性的影响及控制

采用Euler Bellouli梁理论推导出桅下船体结构旋转刚度和桅杆首阶固有频率参数之间的关系.用桅下船体结构的旋转刚度kα和桅杆参数EIl的比值判断桅下船体结构的旋转刚度对首阶固有频率的影响,对一个安装在不同旋转刚度基础上的桅杆实例进行了有限元计算,找出了桅下船体结构旋转刚度的合理设计范围.有限元软件仿真计算结果表明,合理地选择kα值可使桅杆首阶振动频率得到主动控制.     

基于自适应成长法的舵面结构动力学拓扑优化设计方法研究

为实现舵面结构动力学性能提升及其轻量化,并实现骨架构型设计的快速高效,基于结构仿生拓扑优化设计的基本理论和方法,以舵面为研究对象,对蒙皮骨架舵面构型进行仿生拓扑优化设计研究.对优化前后舵面模型的计算结果表明,仿生拓扑优化可快速获得清晰的骨架构型,相比于初始舵面设计方案,优化所得骨架构型在使舵面结构一阶固有频率提升11％...     

涡轮盘疲劳寿命可靠性设计仿真及优化策略

涡轮盘是航空发动机主要部件之一,一旦发生破坏性故障将导致严重的后果。在充分考虑影响涡轮盘高低周复合疲劳寿命因素不确定性基础上,以MATLAB为平台,设计了涡轮盘高低周复合疲劳寿命可靠性优化设计的联合仿真平台。利用寿命函数和寿命可靠性分析极限状态函数中的共性需求,提出了在优化迭代的过程中自适应构建寿命函数Kriging模型和寿命可靠性极限状态面Kriging模型时共用训练样本点的策略。同时,提出了一种构建寿命函数Kriging模型的学习函数。使用所搭建的疲劳寿命可靠性优化设计平台,完成了某型涡轮盘盘心、榫槽以及涡轮盘系统高低周复合疲劳寿命的可靠性优化设计。结果表明,最优设计方案的局部最大应力显著降低,均值寿命大幅提高,并满足可靠性约束。     

复合材料组合梁的分布参数传递函数法分析模型

应用分布参数传递函数法分析了复合材料组合梁在轴压载荷作用下的振动与稳定性问题。通过引入对偶变量，利用Ｌｅｇｒｅｎｄｒｅ 变换和Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ 变换，建立了可进入Ｈａｍ ｉｌｔｏｎ 体系的混合能量变分原理，并推导出了结构在复频域内的状态空间控制方程， 从而得到了任意边界条件下组合梁振动与稳定性问题的传递函数精确解。分析了一阶和高阶横向剪切变形、转动惯量、细长比、材料各向异性等多种因素对组合梁固有频率和屈曲载荷的影响。文中最后给出了数值算例， 验证了本方法的有效性和适应性。     

应用径向基代理模型实现序列自适应再采样优化策略

针对径向基插值代理模型样本点预测误差为零时无法获得误差函数进行序列再采样优化的问题,将样本点分布约束引入序列再采样过程,利用潜在最优解加速收敛性,提出一种适用于径向基插值代理模型序列优化的再采样策略,该策略兼顾仿真模型的输出响应特性与样本点的空间分布特性。仿真结果表明,使用该再采样策略后,算法寻优效率和精度均优于传统基于代理模型的优化方法,在对最优解进行有效预测的同时,能显著减少原始模型计算次数。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.