一类随机差分方程的解序列的最优停止规则

设报酬序列{x_(?),(?),n≥0}满足随机差分方程x_(n+1)=x_n+a_n+b_nε_(n+1)(ε_1,ε_2,…为白噪声序列)。本文讨论了用有限情形{x_n,0≤n≤N}的Snell包逼近无限情形{x_n,n≥0)的Snell包的条件,得到了x_n=E(x_n|(?))((?)=σ{ε_0,ε_1,…,ε_n},ε_0=0)的Snell包r_n的分解形式和最优停时存在的条件。最后讨论了最优停止规则的迭代计算法,并得出了迭代过程在有限步停止的充分条件。     

GF(q)上的[d,k]—自控序列

本文将R.A.Rueppel文[1]中GF(2)上的[d,k]——自控序列模型推广到一般有限域GF(q)上。讨论了GF(g)上任意n级M序列或n级收缩M序列的[d,k]——自控序列的平移等价性和周期特点。     

布尔函数运算在计算机上的实现

用计算机自动求取一个电路的故障的测试码时,常常要遇到布尔函数表达式的运算。例如用布尔差分法求测试码时,有时要求扇出线的布尔差分,就需要从定义求,即 df/dx_i=f_i(1)f_1(0)=f_1(1)f_i(0)+f_i(1)f_i(0)其中 f_i(1)=f(x_1,x_2,…,x_(i-1),1,x_(i+1),…x_n) f_i(0)=f(x_1,x_2,…,x_(i-1),0,x_(i+1),…x_n)这时就涉及到布尔函数的“非”“逻辑乘”“和”“逻辑加”等运算。此外,在求测试码的过     

熵在伪随机性检验中的应用

本文从熵的角度探讨了伪随机性检验问题,提出了有关序列的等分布度r_n~(K)概念,并证明:一序列{x_n}(0≤x_n≤1)为等分布的充分必要条件是:(?)K≥1,(?)=1.利用这一结果对几个典型伪随机序列的等分布度进行了比较,给出了它们的伪随机性优劣排序。     

有限元代数系统结合律的检查法

<正>设有限集S={x_1,x_2……,x_n},S有一个代数运算叫乘法.其运算规则由乘法表给出,如何检查它是否适合结合律是一件较为复杂的工作,一般说来要检查n~3个等式.     

带约束条件的最优停止问题

本文提出这样一类新的最优停止问题:设{x_n, y_n, F_n}_n~∞=1是两个可积的适应随机序列,在使得E_(yt)≥V_y-α的停时类中求{x_n,F_n}_n~∞=1的最优停时,其中α是一常数,V_y是{y_n}_n~∞=1的值,且V_y<∞。我们分别用Lagrange方法和推广了的Snell外壳方法给出了存在性定理,并进行了一些比较,指出了对多目标最优停止问题的一个应用。     

一类分数形式的Einstein(α,β)-度量

爱因斯坦的(α,β)-度量一直是一个重要问题,但由于其具体度量形式不确定,使得研究工作面临重重困难。主要研究了一类度量形式为F=αφ(β/α),φ(s)=1/p(s)的(α,β)-度量,这里p(s)是关于s的k(k≥1)次多项式,α是一个黎曼度量,β是一个1-形式。利用多项式方程和代数整除原理,并结合Maple程序运算,讨论了这类度量成为Einstein度量的充分必要条件,得出这类度量是爱因斯坦度量当且仅当它们是Ricci平坦的。     

对筛法的再认识

a的除1外的最小正因数q是一素数:说的是合数a按它除l外的最小正因数q划分的,并且当a是合数时q≤α,说的是组成合数a是从这个合数的除1外的最小正因数q2开始的,并且在不超过a的合数中,只有不超过α(q≤α)的素数的倍数.     

用差分方法解二阶线性常微分方程边值问题的误差估计式的改进

关于二阶线性常微分方程边值问题的差分解法的误差估计式,所见文献中都是借助于极值原理,给出误估计为(M(b-a)~2/96)×h~2.本文利用矩阵的理论和方法,得到的估计式为(M(b-a)~2/96)×h~2·(1/1 (q/2)×h~2),与已有的估计式相比较,有所改进,而且体现出系数q(x)     

非平稳高斯序列最大值的几乎处处中心极限定理

在较弱的条件下,研究了一类非平稳高斯序列的几乎处处中心极限定理.设{Xa,n≥1}为一非平稳高斯序列,记其协方差为rij=Cov(Xi,Xj).假设该序列满足如下条件:对充分大的n,若存在0<α<1当|i-j|>nα时,rijlog|j-i|(l0glog|j-i|)1+ε一致有界.在这一条件下,通过利用概率极限理论,...     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.