对实施WJ1989—90《乳化炸药》的看法

我厂执行《乳化炸药》标准已一年多了,在执行过程中遇到许多困难,现谈谈我们的看法。一、出厂检验项目中的矛盾WJ 1989—90《乳化炸药》中6.1条要求每批产品出厂检验项目为:药卷密度、殉爆、猛度和爆速。其中前两项目采用 GB 2828的逐批检查法,后两项目则采用 GB 2829的周期检查法,这种周期检查使得猛度和爆速两项检验不能满足每批出厂检验的要求,并由于检验可能是对某批中部分产品的质量情况     

复合装药冲击波超压性能研究

<正>本课题设计了由理想炸药和非理想高威力炸药组成的内外复合装药结构,用压力传感器法对其冲击波超压性能进行了试验研究,并与单一装药结构的冲击波超压性能进行了比较,结果表明,由外部为高爆速炸药、内层为低爆速炸药组成的复合装药结构的冲击波超压值,测试点上均比单一装药结构的冲击波超压值有明显提高。     

硝化甘油炸药标准水平简介

胶质硝化甘油炸药是硝化甘油或混合硝酸酯被氧化剂和可燃剂等吸收后组成的胶质混合炸药,国外称胶质代拿卖特。其特点是:密度大,作功能力大,猛度高,可塑性和抗水性能好,适用于无沼气、无矿尘爆炸危险的爆破工程,特别适用于海水、深水、涌水量大、矿床坚硬的爆破作业,并已广泛用作铵油炸药、浆状炸药的中继起爆具及地质勘探用震源药柱。     

吉纳纯度标准物质的定值

1.引言吉纳是一种炸药,学名为 N—硝基二乙醇胺二硝酸酯,是制造发射药和推进剂的主要原料之一,工业吉纳以前一直用熔点作验收指标,虽然熔点与纯度相关,但用熔点来验收吉纳不能完全反映产品质量的优劣,致使工业吉纳质量差异较大,导致发射药和推进剂质量的波动而影响武器性能,为了实现用纯度来表明吉纳产品质量的优劣,以保证发射药、推进剂质量的可靠性,就要求我们研制     

气化炸弹

以美国为首的多国部队在海湾战争的地面战中,为对付伊拉克在科威特境内埋下的大量地雷,使用了威力巨大的气化炸弹。气化炸弹,是从空中撤下氧化乙烯等可燃性物质,使其与炸药一并爆炸的一种炸弹。它的威力是通     

炸药大王与和平战士

现代武器的发展在很大程度上依赖于炸药。直到今天,常规武器的杀伤力仍取决于炸药的威力,无论枪弹、炮弹、炸弹、地雷都是如此。所以,有人把黄色炸药(TNT)的发明者、著名科学家诺贝尔称为“现代武器的奠基人”。他开办了世界规模最大的炸药制造厂,被人称为“炸药大王”,并赚了很多钱,成了百万富翁。     

报刊文摘

中国首批核武器威力揭秘最近出版的《中国军事百科全书·核武器卷》首次披露了核武器威力的秘密。1964年10月16日,中国在新疆进行了第一次原子弹试验,其威力相当于2.2万吨 TNT 炸药的爆炸力。从此,中国成为继美、苏、英、法之后,世界上能自行制造、试验原子弹的第5个国家。1966年10月27日,中国在境内试验发射了一枚核弹头导弹。     

发射药的分解机理及其安定性研究

在研究发射药中硝酸酯的分解机理及其与发射药安定性关系的基础上,分析了热分解,水解和自动催化作用对发射药安定性的影响,以色谱法和粘度法等实验手段探索发射药安定性的变化规律,通过不同温度下发射药老化过程的动力学研究,提出了确定发射药安全使用寿命的可靠方法。     

湿度对单基发射药热分解速度的影响

在不同湿度的条件下,用微热量热法对粉状与粒状单基发射药进行热过程测量实验,对实验结果进行了处理与分析,发现实验样品形状对单基发射药热分解特征量有一定的影响,随着湿度的增加,发射药开始加速分解的时间逐渐减短,当湿度＞84%以后,开始分解的时间又快速增加,但是当湿度为92%时仍比湿度为2%的时间短,且湿度对单基发射药的峰形也有影响.     

金属/SiO2复合气凝胶催化剂对一氧化碳氧化的催化

采用溶胶－凝胶法和超临界干燥法制备了Ｃｕ／ＳｉＯ２ 和Ｃｏ／ＳｉＯ２ 气凝胶催化剂， 对其结构和形貌进行了ＸＲＤ、ＴＥＭ 和比表面分析， 并考察了其对ＣＯ氧化的催化性能。实验结果表明， 制得的Ｃｕ／ＳｉＯ２ 和Ｃｏ／ＳｉＯ２ 气凝胶催化剂均保留了气凝胶的纳米网络和高比表面积， 活性组份均匀地分散在纳米级二氧化硅气凝胶载体中， 对ＣＯ的氧化均表现出高的催化活性。     

Simulation of the plasticizing behavior of composite modified double-base (CMDB) propellant in grooved calendar based on adaptive grid technology

The frequent occurrence of safety accidents during the calendering process is caused by the flammable and explosive properties of composite modified double-base (CMDB) propellant. Optimization of process parameters with the aid of fluid simulation technology could effectively ensure the safety of the calendering process. To improve the accuracy of the simulation results, material parameters and model structure were corrected based on actual conditions, and adaptive grid technology was applied in the local mesh refinement. In addition, the rheological behavior, motion trajectories and heat transfer mechanisms of CMDB propellant slurry were studied with different gaps, rotational rates and temperatures of two rollers. The results indicated that the refined mesh could significantly improve the contour clarity of boundaries and simulate the characteristics of CMDB propellant slurry reflux movement caused by the convergent flow near the outlet. Compared with the gap, the increased rotational rate of roller could promote the reflux movement and intensify the shear flow of slurry inside the flow region by viscous shear dragging. Meanwhile, under the synergistic effect of contact heat transfer as well as convective heat exchange, heat accumulated near the outlet and diffused along the reflux movement, which led to the countercurrent heat dissipation behavior of CMDB propellant slurry. The plasticizing mechanism of slurry and the safety of calendering under different conditions were explored, which provided theoretical guidance and reference data for the optimization of calendering process conditions. Based on the simulation results, the safety of the CMDB propellant calendering process could be significantly improved with a few tests conducted during a short research and development cycle.     

具有离解反应的推进剂高压蒸发理论探讨

文中提出了具有液相离解反应的推进剂液滴高压蒸发模型,同时还考虑了燃气中极性气体成份对液滴蒸发的影响,并以N_2O_4推进剂液滴为例分析了具有液相离解反应的推进剂蒸发规律。结果表明,此类推进剂高压蒸发并不服从非液相离解反应推进剂的t_b～(?)。规律。模型的提出为液体火箭发动机燃烧室燃烧过程分析提供了新的液滴蒸发理论数据和计算方法。     

低温推进剂供应管道系统充填过程的动力学模型

研究了低温推进剂液体火箭发动机供应管道系统充填过程的建模问题。低温推进剂的充填相变过程采用均相模型,对推进剂充填管道系统进行有限元分割,应用基本守恒定律于充满推进剂的单元和充满气体的单元,两相单元采用等效流容方程,建立了低温推进剂管道充填过程的有限元状态变量模型。充填的容腔视为两相单元,建立了其动力学模型。利用本文的模型,对液氢、液氧推进剂的管道充填过程进行了仿真计算,给出了有关计算结果。     

单基发射药的热自燃数值模拟与其剩余能量变化研究

建立了单基发射药柱热自燃的数学模型 ,根据模型利用数值模拟的方法计算了单基发射药的中心温度与其剩余能量 ,并对中心温度的模拟结果与实验结果进行了比较。解决了其热分解动力学参数的非唯一性问题 ,为装填有单基发射药各种弹药的热自燃计算提供了依据     

复合固体推进剂颗粒填充模型及其统计特性分析

复合固体推进剂属于高填充比颗粒类复合材料,氧化剂和金属颗粒在基体中的随机分布使其在细观尺度具有非均质的特点。从细观尺度研究固体推进剂燃烧及力学性能时,必须考虑颗粒级配、空间分布和种类等因素的影响。采用分子动力学方法,以硝酸酯增塑聚醚高能复合固体推进剂为研究对象,将固体颗粒模型化为球形,生成其在基体内随机分布的颗粒填充模型。利用Monte-Carlo算法模拟计算颗粒填充模型细观结构的两点概率函数,并研究了颗粒填充体积分数、尺寸与级配等参数对其的影响规律。从统计意义上给出具有各态历经性、统计均匀性和各向同性特点的颗粒填充构型最小周期性代表体元尺寸,可有效减小后续研究的计算量,节约计算成本。所构建的推进剂细观几何构型及对最小周期性代表体元尺寸的计算为后续开展复合固体推进剂细观尺度燃烧、燃面处铝团聚及力学性能数值研究奠定了基础。     

Theoretical calculation and experimental study on the interaction mechanism between TKX-50 and AP

The combination of 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) and ammonium perchlorate (AP) can make greater use of the chemical energy of TKX-50 based energetic materials. The research on the interaction mechanism between TKX-50 and AP is very important for designing TKX-50-AP compounds and judging the formation feasibility of composite particles, which can lay a theoretical foundation for the preparation of TKX-50-AP mixed crystals and the application of TKX-50 in propellant, propellant and explosive. Herein, in order to research the interaction mechanism between TKX-50 and AP, density-functional theory calculation was applied to optimize three configurations of TKX-50-AP compounds. The geometry structure, electrostatic potential and binding energy of the compounds were predicted, and the electronic density topological analysis was also carried out. Then TKX-50-AP mixed crystals structures were constructed, and the radial distribution function of H–O and H–N in mixed crystals was calculated. Finally, solvent/non-solvent method was applied to prepare TKX-50-AP composites, and the infrared spectroscopy and the non-isothermal decomposition performance of the composites were characterized. Results show that the superposition of positive charges in TKX-50 molecule and negative charges in AP makes the electrostatic potential distributions of TKX-50-AP compounds different from that of TKX-50 and AP. The interaction energies of TKX-50-AP 1, TKX-50-AP 2 and TKX-50-AP 3 are 39.743 kJ/mol, 61.206 kJ/mol and 27.702 kJ/mol, respectively. The interaction between TKX-50 molecules and AP molecules in TKX-50-AP mixed crystals both depends on hydrogen bonds and van der Waals force, and the number and strength of hydrogen bonds are significantly greater than that of van der Waals force. The composition of AP and TKX-50 makes the absorption peak of the five-membered rings and NH₃OH⁺ of TKX-50 shift to low wavenumber in the infrared spectroscopy. In general, TKX-50 interacts with AP via hydrogen bonds and van der Waals force, and the calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The composition of TKX-50 and AP can also prolong the decomposition process.     

液体推进剂爆炸火球热传递参数的试验测量技术

介绍了液体推进剂爆炸火球的内部温度,辐射温升和辐射热流密度的试验测量方法,试验测量的计算机数据采集系统,并给出了５０ｋｇ,１００ｋｇ,３００ｋｇ液体推进剂（Ｎ２Ｏ４／ＵＤＭＨ）爆炸火球的热传递参数的部分测量结果。     

Reaction degree of composition B explosive with multi-layered compound structure protection subjected to detonation loading

The explosive reaction degree and protection from explosions are concerns in the military field.In this work,the reaction degree of the composition B explosive was investigated experimentally.Multi-layered compound structures were used as barriers to weaken the blast loads.A comprehensive experiment using a high-speed camera and image processing techniques,side witness plates,and bottom witness plates was presented.Using the experimental fragment velocities,fragment piercing patterns,and damage characteristics,the reaction degree of the explosive impeded by different multi-layered com-pound structures could be precisely differentiated.Reaction parameters of the explosive obstructed by compound structures were obtained by theoretical analysis and numerical simulations.Unlike the common method in which the explosive reaction degree is only distinguished based on the initial pressure amplitude transmitted into the explosive,a following shock wave reflected from the side steel casing was also considered.Different detonation growth paths in the explosive formed.Therefore,all these shock wave propagation characteristics must be considered to analyze the explosive response impeded by compound structures.     

航天器推进系统模块化建模方法

为了研究由复杂增压气路和推进剂供应管路组成的航天器推进系统的动力学问题,基于AMESim软件平台,构建了模块化、可扩展的航天器推进系统仿真模型UPSSim.模型中,增压气路采用分段集中参数模型,推进剂供应管路采用分布参数模型,并考虑了系统各组件与环境的换热.对某型轨控发动机的变轨过程进行了仿真,UPSSim能准确模拟该发动机变轨过程中系统参数的变化,计算结果与设计性能参数、飞行遥测数据吻合较好.仿真结果表明,本文所采用的模块化建模与仿真方法适用于复杂管网的建模,在航天器推进系统仿真建模与仿真领域具有较好的应用前景.     

Effects of nano-sized aluminum on detonation characteristics and metal acceleration for RDX-based aluminized explosive

Nano-sized aluminum(Nano-Al)powders hold promise in enhancing the total energy of explosives and the metal acceleration ability at the same time.However,the near-detonation zone effects of reaction between Nano-Al with detonation products remain unclear.In this study,the overall reaction process of 170 nm Al with RDX explosive and its effect on detonation characteristics,detonation reaction zone,and the metal acceleration ability were comprehensively investigated through a variety of experiments such as the detonation velocity test,detonation pressure test,explosive/window interface velocity test and confined plate push test using high-resolution laser interferometry.Lithium fluoride(LiF),which has an inert behavior during the explosion,was used as a control to compare the contribution of the reaction of aluminum.A thermochemical approach that took into account the reactivity of aluminum and ensuing detonation products was adopted to calculate the additional energy release by afterburn.Combining the numerical simulations based on the calculated afterburn energy and experimental results,the param-eters in the detonation equation of state describing the Nano-Al reaction characteristics were calibrated.This study found that when the 170 nm Al content is from 0％to 15％,every 5％increase of aluminum resulted in about a 1.3％decrease in detonation velocity.Manganin pressure gauge measurement showed no significant enhancement in detonation pressure.The detonation reaction time and reaction zone length of RDX/Al/wax/80/15/5 explosive is 64 ns and 0.47 mm,which is respectively 14％and 8％higher than that of RDX/wax/95/5 explosive(57 ns and 0.39 mm).Explosive/window interface velocity curves show that 170 nm Al mainly reacted with the RDX detonation products after the detonation front.For the recording time of about 10 μs throughout the plate push test duration,the maximum plate velocity and plate acceleration time accelerated by RDX/Al/wax/80/15/5 explosive is 12％and 2.9 μs higher than that of RDX/LiF/wax/80/15/5,respectively,indicating that the aluminum reaction energy significantly increased the metal acceleration time and ability of the explosive.Numerical simulations with JWLM explosive equation of state show that when the detonation products expanded to 2 times the initial volume,over 80％of the aluminum had reacted,implying very high reactivity.These results are significant in attaining a clear understanding of the reaction mechanism of Nano-Al in the development of aluminized explosives.