装备封存快速除湿过程数值模拟

为了解决快速除湿和准确控制动态除湿过程等问题,以某型装甲步兵战车的封存除湿过程为例,将CFD（Computational Fluid Dynamics）仿真技术引入装甲装备封存技术中。针对装甲装备封存的技术要求,建立了某型装备的简化物理模型,以FLUENT为数值模拟平台,对2种不同进风方式下的封存除湿过程进行了数值模拟,得出装备内部流场及相对湿度的变化规律等详细流场信息。最后,通过分析提出了封存除湿过程的最优通风方式和除湿监测的最佳位置。     

多级膜水处理流量稳定性建模及仿真研究

多级膜水净化装置通过膜的过滤作用产生净水,而净水流量稳定性是该装置的性能评价要素之一。建立单级膜净水流量稳定性数学模型并将模型推广至多级膜,在Simulink环境下对多级膜模型进行仿真。结果表明,原水浊度越大,浓水阀门开度变化率越大、膜污染指数越小,净水流量越不稳定。实际净水实验表明仿真结论与实验结果相一致。通过调节浓水阀门开度对净水流量稳定性进行了控制分析,结果表明,浓水阀门开度以阶梯信号方式输入,可控制流量稳定系数在[-1,1]变化,从而提高多级膜水净化装置的工作效率。     

光学镀膜宽带膜厚监控系统

针对过去的宽带膜厚监控法必须依赖镀制前设定的目标透射率 (反射率 )的固有缺陷 ,提出了在蒸镀过程中及时拟合出所镀层的膜厚、色散系数 (折射率 )等参数 ,并据此不断修正目标透射率 (反射率 )的设想 ,从而从根本上克服过去的宽带膜厚监控法的固有缺陷。建立了基于修正膜层目标光谱特性的宽带膜厚监控系统 ,阐述了它的结构和工作原理。进行了稳定性实验及一系列镀膜监控实验 ,实验结果表明 ,该系统透射率的重复测量精度优于 2‰ ,膜厚监控精度较高 ,重复性好 ,各层的终点膜厚判定精度优于 1 %。     

再生风温度对转轮除湿机除湿效果的影响规律

空调机组运行过程中的除湿量与新风风量、新风含湿量、再生风风量和再生风温度等因素有关.在定风量条件下,再生风温度对转轮除湿机除湿效果影响作用明显.根据转轮除湿机中微元体的气体区域和固体区域的水分质量平衡及能量守恒方程,以某基地靶场地勤系统KT7空调机组转轮除湿机为例,建立了转轮除湿机的除湿和再生过程的数学模型,从热传导机理层面,深入研究了在定风量条件下,受到处理空气含湿量扰动作用时,再生风温度变化对转轮除湿机除湿效果的影响规律,为空调除湿过程中外界环境改变时,对再生风温度的控制策略提供了理论指导.     

恒电量微扰法研究在含Cl-介质Ce3+对航空铝材的缓蚀作用

本文用恒电量微扰法研究了Ce3+对铝合金在0．1mol·L-1NaCl介质中的缓蚀机理及抗孔蚀性。结果表明：铝合金孔蚀诱导过程及其表面形成林转化膜过程具有相同的电化学模式,电化学腐蚀速度控制步骤取决于钝化膜（转化膜）／溶液界面过程。Ce3+对铝合金孔蚀的诱导期和发展期均有抑制作用,形成铈转化膜后,铝基表面阻抗大大提高,耐孔蚀性增强。     

直流磁控溅射法制备c-BN膜

本研究用一种新的方法—直流磁控溅射法制备了立方氮化硼膜(c-BN)。因为它的沉积速率较高,未来工业化的潜力较大,这一技术对工业界具有很大意义。c-BN膜的沉积过程由过去的射频系统改造而来。直流溅射的靶材选用了碳化硼,靶及试样台均接负极。我们将试样台放在一圆形电磁线圈的中央,即采用非平衡磁控模式。试验证明,试样台上的离子流密度及高子与中性粒子的比例是重要的试验参数。通过试验,在单晶硅片及钢衬底上沉积了几近单相的c-BN膜,并用电子探针(EPMA)、X射线光电子谱(XPS)和红外谱(IR)对膜的成分和结构进行了分析。膜的硬度和摩擦系数测量表明,所制备的c-BN膜具有出色的机械和摩擦学性能。     

光纤通信系统用减反膜的研究

针对WDM光纤通信系统对具有极高透过率的光学薄膜元件的需要,系统地研究了增透膜的设计与镀制.采用统计实验求总极值法和Powell最小二乘法相结合的多级优化方法编制程序,完成了以BK7玻璃为基底的增透膜的膜系设计,采用多种监控方法完成了此类非规整膜系的镀制实验.测试结果表明,采用变过正量极值法监控非规整膜系的镀制,可精确控制各层膜的光学厚度,获得在1550nm波段附近具有很高透过率的光学薄膜元件.     

软硬交替多层膜法向压入过程的有限元分析

采用大变形弹塑性有限单元法,对高速钢基体上的软硬交替多层膜在法向压痕作用下的力学行为,进行了模拟和分析.为了研究膜层数和膜厚的影响,对从单层到16层的不同膜层体系进行了计算.通过对诸如膜层的变形、最大应力随膜层数的变化、界面剪应力分布、表面张应力分布等的分析,得出了这些参数的分布及其对膜层体系的摩擦学性能的影响.这些结果可为多层膜的结构优化设计提供定量的依据.     

低压电场驱动下膜分离 CO2的研究

以离子交换膜为基础,进行预处理和化学改性.研究了不同预处理条件、化学改性方法及低压电场的电压对离子交换膜的CO2分离效率的影响.结果表明,改进处理条件、施加低压电场及在膜中加入亲水物质可明显地增加离子交换膜的二氧化碳通量.     

电刷镀Cu／Ni多层膜的摩擦学性能研究

采用电刷镀法制备了Cu／Ni多层膜,对多层膜的摩擦学性能进行了研究。结果表明,电刷镀法制备Cu/Ni多层膜镀层平整、均匀致密、晶粒细小,界面清晰;多层膜的摩擦磨损性能直接由单层膜厚决定:随着单层膜厚的减小,多层膜的摩擦系数减小,磨损形式由磨料磨损逐渐转变为粘着磨损;多层膜的磨损量随单层膜厚的减小而减小,当单层膜厚减小至纳米尺度时,存在一磨损量的最小值;电刷镀 Cu／Ni多层膜的临界单层膜厚约为20 nm。     

餐厨垃圾热风干燥过程特性及模拟

为了考察不同温度(60～100℃)对2种餐厨垃圾在热风干燥过程中的水分变化规律及动理学特性的影响,利用7个数学模型对餐厨垃圾干燥过程的水分变化规律进行了拟合对比。结果表明:温度是影响干燥的重要因素。干燥温度越高,餐厨垃圾达到平衡含水率所需时间越短;烹饪过程可以改变餐厨垃圾的热阻,增加其活化能;用Page模型和Modified Page模型描述餐厨垃圾热风干燥过程拟合精度最佳;2种餐厨垃圾有效湿分扩散系数分别为1.37×10-9～2.47×10-9,5.14×10-10～2.05×10-9m2/s,活化能分别为13.86,34.05 kJ/mol。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.