先驱体转化致密SiC纳米复合材料的制备及其热电性能

以聚碳硅烷和锑改性聚硅烷为先驱体,利用先驱体转化SiC材料的富余自由碳高温石墨化的微观结构演变特点,采用热压烧结、先驱体浸渍—裂解法以及退火工艺制备出先驱体转化SiC纳米复合材料。采用SEM、TEM、XRD和Raman等测试手段表征和分析了相组成和微观结构,讨论了样品的热导率、电导率和塞贝克系数等热电参数随温度变化关系。研究表明,所得致密SiC纳米复合材料为n型热电材料。由于纳米石墨的作用,材料热导率抑制在4–8W/(m?K)范围。1600°C退火处理能够降低热导率,同时提高电导率和塞贝克系数绝对值,使先驱体转化法得到的SiC纳米复合材料无量纲热电优值ZT达到0.0028（650°C）,高于其他已报道的致密SiC/C复合材料和纳米复合材料体系。     

先驱体转化致密碳化硅纳米复合材料的制备及其热电性能

以聚碳硅烷和锑改性聚硅烷为先驱体,利用先驱体转化Si C材料的富余自由碳高温石墨化的微观结构演变特点,采用热压烧结、先驱体浸渍-裂解法以及退火工艺制备出先驱体转化Si C纳米复合材料。采用SEM、TEM、XRD和Raman等测试手段表征和分析了相组成和微观结构,讨论了样品的热导率、电导率和塞贝克系数等热电参数随温度变化关系。研究表明,所得致密Si C纳米复合材料为n型热电材料。由于纳米石墨的作用,材料热导率抑制在4~8W/(m·K)范围。1600℃退火处理能够降低热导率,同时提高电导率和塞贝克系数绝对值,使先驱体转化法得到的Si C纳米复合材料无量纲热电优值ZT达到0.0028(650℃),高于其他已报道的致密Si C/C复合材料和纳米复合材料体系。     

铁基非晶纳米晶涂层的耐磨性研究

采用基于机器人的自动化高速电弧喷涂技术在45钢基体上制备了FeCrBSiMnNbY非晶纳米晶涂层。研究了非晶纳米晶涂层在油润滑条件下,不同磨损时间、速度、载荷对涂层的磨损行为。采用扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱分析仪（EDAX）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）对涂层的组织结构进行了表征,利用纳米压痕仪对涂层的力学性能进行了分析,摩擦磨损试验在MM200滑块磨损试验机上进行。结果表明：涂层组织均匀,结构致密,主要由非晶相和α-Fe相纳米晶组成;在相同磨损试验条件下,非晶纳米晶涂层的相对耐磨性为3Cr13涂层的4．6倍,磨损机制主要为脆性疲劳剥落。     

SFPB处理的38CrSi钢表面纳米化层微观结构特征

采用超音速轰击技术（Supersonic Fine Particles Bombarding,SFPB）对调质态合金钢38CrSi进行表面纳米化处理,在材料表面制备了纳米结构表层;利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和透射电镜等分析技术研究了表面纳米层的微观结构特征。结果表明：经SFPB处理后,材料表层发生了严重的塑性变形,表面形成了晶粒尺寸约为15nm的纳米结构层,微观应变约为0．19％;表面纳米层的厚度约为20μm（晶粒尺寸〈100nm）,纳米晶粒的尺寸随着距表面距离的增加而增大;在距表面40μm的范围内,高密度的位错墙和位错缠结将晶粒分为了尺寸为200～400nm的胞块结构,分析表明表面纳米化主要是位错运动的结果。     

跻身国际 追逐梦想——我国中子散射技术取得重大突破

2012年8月下旬,中国先进研究堆（简称新堆）中子谱仪第一次带束调试,中国原子能科学研究院（简称原子能院）已建成的七台中子散射谱仪全部成功调试出束并获衍射图像,并在应力、织构等工业谱仪上首次得到了航空和核能关键结构材料的中子衍射测试数据．实现了中子散射技术在我国工业应用领域的历史性突破     

电磁屏蔽石墨混凝土电导率实验研究

石墨混凝土具有耐酸碱、成本低、性能稳定等优点。针对电导率是材料电磁屏蔽性能的重要影响参数,以获得最佳导电性能为方向设计了石墨混凝土的探索性制备方案,研究了其配合比对混凝土电导率性能的影响,采用四针电极法考察石墨混凝土的导电性能。实验结果表明,石墨混凝土中电导率存在不均匀性,其中粗颗粒石墨混凝土比细颗粒石墨混凝土具有更好的导电性能,其值约0．8 S/cm,表现出较好的性能一致性,为工程应用提供了条件。增加20%导电镍粉,对导电性能有改善,但水灰比较大。掺碳纤维石墨混凝土样品,针对石墨质量分数71%,相对石墨掺入碳纤维2%,电导率值由0．8 S/cm降为0．17 S/cm。其中材料的多孔性是材料导电性降低的主要因素。     

纳米Si-C-N粒子增强Si3N4 复合材料的结构与性能

本文用Ｓｉ－Ｃ－Ｎ纳米微粉做增强相,Ｓｉ３Ｎ４微粉为基相,采用热压的方法制备了ＳｉＣｐ／Ｓｉ３Ｎ４纳米复相陶瓷,所得的ＳｉＣｐ／Ｓｉ３Ｎ４复合材料的室温弯曲强度为８７８．５ＭＰａ,断裂韧性达１１．９６ＭＰａｍ１／２,同时应用扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）、高分辨透射电镜（ＨＲＴＥＭ）对其结构进行了观察,讨论了结构与性能之间的关系。     

密封性对新型改性双基推进剂贮存安定性的影响

通过加速老化实验箱在55℃密封、半密封条件下对推进剂进行寿命加速,获取不同贮存条件不同贮存寿命的样品。运用气相色谱测定样品中安定剂间苯二酚（Res）和中定剂（C2）质量分数;利用甲基紫实验仪测定样品的安定性,得出样品安定剂质量分数的变化规律以及安定性的变化规律。同时,采用微量热天平对安定剂间苯二酚进行了热重分析,实验发现间苯二酚高温易升华,升华速率受温度的影响。     

高含钛量碳化硅纤维的研制

本文采用一种聚钛硅氧烷与聚碳硅烷反应,制得了Ti/Si摩尔比为0.10的聚钛碳硅烷。该聚合物具有良好的成丝性与稳定性,经熔融纺丝,再经不熔化处理后,在氮气气氛保护下1300℃热处理后制得了高含钛量的碳化硅纤维。文中对聚钛硅氧烷的合成与结构,它与聚碳硅烷的反应过程及聚钛碳硅烷的热分解特性进行了分析与研究。     

硼介质／石墨水泥基材料电磁屏蔽性能实验研究

为增强水泥基材料的电磁屏蔽性能,通过混凝土骨料替换的方法,实验研究了碳化硼、硼砂及石墨组合对复合材料电磁屏蔽效能的影响规律。实验结果表明单纯的碳化硼或碳化硼一硼砂作为水泥基材料骨料时,样品电磁屏蔽性能提升有限,但在添加硼介质时引入适当比例的石墨能有效改善材料的电磁屏蔽性能;另外,硼砂的添加会造成样品明显的缓凝现象,并且会对石墨导电吸波机制产生负面影响。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.