空间重采样的宽带多重信号分类算法高分辨方位估计

空间重采样法是宽带恒定束宽波束形成的一种重要方法,采用声矢量阵推导了基于空间重采样的宽带MUSIC算法,并和相干子空间FFT插值法做了仿真比较,结果表明,所提算法的性能优于FFT插值法,表现为更低的分辨信噪比门限和估计均方误差上.     

一种基于声矢量阵混响空间特性的窄带目标探测算法

针对声矢量水听器阵主动探测问题，从声矢量混响空间特性方面开展研究。首先，从理论上分析各向同性混响条件下声压阵、振速阵的空间相关系数，指出远距离、长处理帧条件下声压、振速阵列半波长以上阵元间距的各向同性混响近似不相关；然后，以此为基础，给出声矢量圆阵信号接收模型，并针对各向异性、各向同性混响共存情况，给出了一种声矢量解析振速平滑阵列处理方法。该方法充分利用解析振速结构特点，对声压、解析振速阵列数据协方差矩阵进行累加平均，有效减小了不同阵元各向异性混响成分相干性。实测数据结果表明：声矢量解析振速平滑方法的常规波束形成处理与最小方差无畸变波束形成处理的声场级都小于声压阵处理结果，具有更高的目标分辨能力。     

基于波束域MUSIC方法的高分辨方位估计

现代声纳系统普遍采用水听器基阵和一定的信号处理来提高对目标的检测和定位能力,而基阵的波束形成则在其中起着核心作用。文中研究了窄带波束域高分辨方位估计技术,分析了波束域MUSIC方位估计的构造过程和具体实现方法。仿真计算表明,基于波束域MUSIC的方位估计算法是一种分辨空间小角域内多个目标的有效方法。     

矢量阵的快速宽带频域波束形成方法

矢量水听器能获取振速信息,因此由其所组成的阵列有着常规声压阵列所不能比拟的优势,但正因为有了振速各分量信息,基于矢量阵的信号处理面临计算量大为增加的高维协方差矩阵运算的难题,当阵元数较多时,难以实时实现。为此,基于FFT思想,提出了一种适用于矢量水听器阵列的快速宽带频域波束形成方法。该方法在频域实现,将宽带信号分解为多个窄带信号,采用快速傅立叶变换来实现各阵元数据的相移累加过程,处理速度得以大幅提高。研究表明:该方法完全满足实时处理的需求,其测向性能也能达到克拉美-罗下界,且矢量阵具有常规阵所不具有的左右舷分辨能力,对微弱目标的检测能力也较强。     

一种贝叶斯聚焦宽带多波束超分辨测向算法

当同时到达多个信号时,宽带多波束系统无法正确测向,为了解决此问题,针对宽带光控阵列多波束系统,通过构造稳健的贝叶斯聚焦矩阵,提出了一种宽带多波束相干超分辨测向方法。首先将多波束输出变换到频域,然后利用贝叶斯聚焦矩阵将数据变换到聚焦频率上,最后利用窄带的超分辨算法进行估计。贝叶斯聚焦矩阵对方向预估计误差不敏感,聚焦误差小,具有较强的稳健性。算法能有效分辨同时到达多波束系统的多个相干信号,仿真实验验证了此算法的有效性和正确性。     

基于虚拟时间延迟线阵列的联合频率—到达角二维谱估计

提出基于虚拟时间延时线阵列的联合频率-到达角二维谱估计方法,把经典的子空间方法推广到空时二维域并进行了改进.基本思路是估计空时噪声子空间和空时信号子空间,然后,利用两个空时子空间特征进行频率-到达角联合二维搜索.正常情况下可分辨的信源数远远超出阵元数目;在信号源宽带较大或信号源波长偏离阵列尺寸较远时,不会像经典方法一样出现大的偏差或估计信源角度范围受限;同时给出信号源的频率和到达角估计,更全面地反映了信号特征.     

声矢量阵降维平行因子模型及方位估计方法

针对原有的声矢量阵三阶PARAFAC(平行因子)模型维数高、参数求解过程运算量大的缺点,建立了一种降维的PARAFAC模型。将声矢量阵看作空间共点的声压传感器子阵和振速传感器子阵,计算各子阵输出数据的自协方差,并构造了三阶张量,最后证明该张量满足三阶PARAFAC模型并利用交替迭代算法估计声源参数。仿真和实测数据表明:该方法可以用于多目标方位估计且估计精度优于超分辨率的ESPRIT算法。     

低复杂度的宽带阵列测向算法

宽带信号测向算法是传感器阵列定位技术中的难点问题.提出了一种波束域的宽带测向定位算法,利用波束空间变换实现信号的聚焦、降维,利用子空间正交投影抑制干扰.无需方位预估计,信号处理在低维空间进行,有较低的计算复杂度.仿真实验表明,算法以较低的计算量实现了与阵元空间算法相近的性能,并且表现出良好的抗干扰能力.     

基于直接数据域自适应算法的相干信号DOA估计

利用直接数据域自适应算法的稳态权值代替噪声子空间构建空间谱,构造了一种超分辨波达方向(DOA)估计方法.为了解决谱峰搜索时的伪峰问题,采用参考阵元轮换得到多组线性无关稳态权值,逼近噪声子空间,能有效去除伪峰.针对相干信号的DOA估计,进一步提出了直接数据域取对称共轭向量的解相干方法.相比子空间分解类算法,本文算法不需估计信号源数目和协方差矩阵、不需特征分解,复杂度仅为O(MP),同时能有效完成解相干处理.     

一种改进的基于矢量水听器阵列的相干信号方位估计

为了对相关信号源进行方位估计,针对矢量水听器均匀线列阵,Rahamim提出了一种方法,即将测量数据按同一类型水听器进行排列,但该方法只能实现相干信号的一维方位估计,且存在180°模糊.为此,提出了一种改进方法,即将测量数据按同一阵元位置进行排列,采用前后向空间平滑技术.这样不但能实现相干信号的二维方位估计,而且无180...     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.