破片模拟弹侵彻钢板的有限元分析

根据破片模拟弹侵彻钢板的实验研究,采用MSC.Dytran对破片模拟弹侵彻钢板的侵彻过程、侵彻特性、钢板的破坏模式以及弹体的侵彻速度、靶板的侵彻阻力进行了有限元分析,并将分析结果与实验结果进行了比较.分析结果表明,破片模拟弹冲击钢装甲的侵彻过程可大致分为初始接触、弹体侵入、剪切冲塞和穿甲破坏4个阶段.有限元分析的破片模拟弹侵彻特性及靶板破坏模式与实验观测结果有较好的一致性,在靶板破口的正面,与弹体平面凸缘两端接触的部分,变形以剪切为主,而与切削面接触的部分,以挤压变形为主;靶板破口背面为剪切冲塞破坏;有限元模拟的弹体剩余速度与实验结果吻合较好,弹体侵彻过程中弹靶作用界面的速度和侵彻速度近似呈线性变化.有限元分析结果还表明,采用适当的模型,有限元法能较好地模拟破片模拟弹侵彻钢板的侵彻过程、侵彻特性以及钢板的破坏模式.     

无攻角弹体斜侵彻多层间隔混凝土靶板特性

为了能清楚地了解无攻角弹体斜侵彻多层间隔混凝土靶板的特性,采用LS-DYNA3D动力有限元软件对弹-靶作用过程进行了一系列数值模拟研究,描述了斜侵彻过程中的基本现象,分析了弹体X、Y两个方向的加速度变化规律,揭示了靶板间距、层数对抗弹性能的影响。研究表明,在总厚度一定的情况下,靶板间距的减小或者层数的增加均会降低靶板的抗弹性能,但当靶板层数较多时,抗弹性能随靶板层数的增加变化不大。所得结论对防御工事、地下掩体的构建具有参考价值。     

非圆截面弹体斜侵彻薄靶的动态载荷特性研究

为研究非圆截面弹体斜侵彻薄靶的动态载荷特征,利用有限元软件LS-DYNA开展了圆、椭圆和非对称椭圆截面弹体在800 m/s速度下侵彻钢板的数值模拟研究,分析了着角、攻角和弹靶结构参数对弹体所受动态载荷的影响规律。结果表明：正侵彻时,3种截面弹体受到的轴向冲击载荷基本相似,但非对称椭圆弹体还会在头部和尾部过靶时分别受到横向冲击载荷作用;仅存在着角时,3种弹体的侵彻过程均可分为弹头触靶、弹头穿靶和弹身过靶3个阶段,其中弹身过靶阶段会受到持续载荷作用,弹头和弹尾过靶时也会出现两次横向载荷峰值;正着角条件下,攻角越大轴向载荷越大。攻角为正时,横向载荷首先减小然后反向增大,且缩短了侵彻持续时间;负攻角则加强了着角对载荷的影响,并增加了侵彻时间;截面不对称度大于1时,正着角的影响得到强化。此外,弹体载荷随靶厚的增大而增大,而弹体不对称度和长径比对其动态载荷的影响相对较小。     

横向运动板对长杆弹侵彻的偏转作用

弹体的攻角直接影响其侵彻能力,而横向运动板能使弹体发生偏转改变攻角,间接影响弹体的侵彻能力。在一定条件下,推导长杆弹在单层横向运动板作用下的偏转模型,并利用有限元仿真软件ANSYS／LS-rDYNA对长杆弹侵彻横向运动板的过程进行数值模拟。通过对偏转模型及仿真结果的分析,发现两者较为相符。研究结果显示：长杆弹侵彻横向运动板时,弹体会发生偏转,偏转的角速度先增后减,最后为0rad／s,此时偏转角最大;弹体速度方向也会发生偏转,其最终偏转角与弹体轴线的偏转角接近。     

不同侵彻速度下陶瓷复合装甲等效均质钢靶板的建立

利用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA对钨合金长杆弹侵彻陶瓷复合装甲与均质钢进行了数值仿真。重点分析了长杆弹垂直侵彻复合装甲全过程,研究了钨合金长杆弹体入射速度与弹体剩余动能、损失动能之间的关系。同时,拟合了长杆弹在不同入射速度侵彻均质钢靶下弹体剩余动能与靶板厚度之间的关系。并根据终点效应关系式,建立了弹体在不同入射速度下陶瓷复合装甲的均质钢等效靶板。分析结果表明,陶瓷复合装甲等效均质钢靶板厚度随弹体入射速度呈先增加后稳定趋势。研究结果对毁伤效能试验与战斗部设计等具有一定的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

半穿甲战斗部侵彻运动加筋板数值模拟

为了研究加筋靶板的运动对半穿甲战斗部侵彻性能的影响,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件对截卵形半穿甲战斗部侵彻运动加筋靶板全过程进行了数值模拟,分析了在不同弹着点处加筋靶板的运动对弹体偏转、弹体剩余动能以及弹体过载的影响。研究结果表明:弹体侵彻运动加筋靶板时发生明显偏转,侵彻性能降低,加速度变化曲线出现新的峰值且该峰值随着靶板速度增大而增大。同时,不同弹着点处弹体偏转角的变化过程,加速度变化规律与峰值大小以及靶板抗弹性能都有显著区别。     

弹引系统攻角侵彻混凝土仿真与试验研究

利用弹体非正侵彻的计算模型对弹体非正侵彻过程中弹头表面阻力进行了分析,提出了弹目非正侵彻控制方程.利用有限元分析软件LS-DYNA对弹引系统在不同攻角下侵彻混凝土靶板时的轴向过载、横向过载、横向偏移以及弹体姿态角等的变化进行了仿真分析,得出了弹体横向过载与姿态角的对应关系.实弹试验结果与理论计算及数值仿真结果吻合较好....     

柔性蜂窝防护结构抗侵彻数值模拟

为研究由高密度聚乙烯组成的柔性蜂窝防护结构的抗侵彻性能,通过建立有限元模型分析柔性蜂窝防护结构在弹体侵彻过程中的力学表现。将有限元模型数值模拟与实际枪弹试验进行对比,发现模拟值与试验值较为相符。此外,分析了不同弹体数量、弹体射入点和弹体射入角对柔性蜂窝防护结构有限元模型的影响及其破坏效应,结果表明:弹体射入角会影响弹体的运动轨迹和所受阻力,2枚弹体的侵彻深度较1枚弹体侵彻深度小,说明该柔性蜂窝防护结构具有一定的耗能作用且其抗二次打击能力较好。     

钨合金动能弹超高速侵彻钢靶的破坏特性

国内外关于动能弹侵彻的研究多集中在中低速范围,对高速特别是超高速侵彻的研究十分有限,其破坏特性还不清楚。采用LS-DYNA有限元程序和Steinberg本构模型,对着靶速度为1 300~4 500 m/s的钨合金动能弹侵彻钢靶问题进行了与实验相对应的数值研究,获得了不同着靶速度下侵彻深度、开坑直径、坑底压力、弹体形态及弹长消蚀的时空演化规律。结果表明:侵彻经历了瞬态高压、常压稳态侵彻、非稳态侵彻和回弹4个阶段;Steinberg本构模型特别适用于超高速侵彻的研究;当着靶速度大于4 000 m/s,着靶速度的变化对侵彻深度的影响可以忽略;超高速侵彻的瞬态高压达100 GPa以上,远大于弹体材料强度极限;相对于高速侵彻,弹体长度消蚀率更大,侵彻速度下降更快,侵彻时间更短。     

横向效应增强型弹垂直侵彻薄靶的轴向剩余速度理论分析

为了得到横向效应增强型弹（Penetration with Enhanced Lateral Efficiency projectile, PELE）对金属薄靶垂直侵彻后的弹体轴向剩余速度,运用平面冲击波理论,对PELE的侵彻机理进行分析。参照平头弹体对靶板的侵彻模型,将PELE侵彻过程中的能量损失划分为以下几个部分：外壳体和内芯撞靶区域对应的环形塞块获得的能量、冲击波作用下弹体的内能增量以及剪切耗能等。然后根据能量守恒原理,得到PELE垂直侵彻金属薄靶后的PELE弹体轴向剩余速度的理论模型。为了验证该模型的合理性和准确性,设计相应的试验进行验证。结果表明,不同条件下得到的试验结果和理论模型得到的计算结果均吻合得较好。因此,得到的PELE垂直侵彻薄靶的轴向剩余速度理论模型可为工程应用提供指导和参考。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.