复杂网络节点重要度评估及网络脆弱性分析

提出一种基于节点状态演化级联失效模型的节点重要度评估和网络脆弱性分析方法。故障传递演化的内在机理是基础复杂网络变得脆弱的根源。在负载网络级联失效模型的基础上,提出一种能够实时跟踪节点负载状态,继而根据节点状态来重分配节点负载的重分配模型。提出基于节点状态演化的节点重要性评估和网络结构脆弱性分析方法,通过脆弱性分析结果找出网络的健壮性参数,并对此节点重要性评估方法进行失效分析。通过仿真实验验证方法的有效性。     

计算机网络级联失效建模与分析

针对以往级联失效模型负载局部重分配规则与现实计算机网络全局路由特点不吻合的缺陷,模拟网络中信息流传输过程。定义路由器的失效条件,建立基于负载全局重分配的级联失效模型,并在此基础上提出基于连通和性能两方面的级联失效影响评价参数,进而分析用户流量和攻击方式对计算机网络级联失效的影响。结果表明,随着流量的增大,级联失效存在相变行为,相变点刻画了网络在不会发生级联失效前提下的最大传输能力。此外,针对网络中高度节点的攻击,更为容易引发大规模的级联失效,应予以重点保护。     

关联网络中的级联失效模型与分析

网络之间的关联依赖关系能使某一网络内的级联失效扩散至其他网络,其本质是位于不同网络的关联节点之间基于功能依赖的相关失效.以两个关联的网络为对象,建立关联网络模型,提出了一种关联网络的级联失效模型.模型将关联网络中的级联失效分解为网络内级联失效和网络间级联失效,并采用了基于度的级联规模评价方法.利用模型研究了两个关联无标...     

级联失效下非对称依赖网络鲁棒性研究

研究级联失效下网络化信息物理系统的鲁棒性具有重要的现实意义.针对具有单向依赖关系的信息物理系统构建双层非对称依赖网络模型,综合依赖失效和过载失效设计级联失效模型,提出一种更贴近实际的非对称攻击方式,并给出一种资源限制下的节点容量分配方式.针对无标度子网构成的非对称依赖网络进行了仿真实验,结果表明:网络鲁棒性与子网络平均...     

多自治系统关联的级联失效模型建立和分析

为分析级联失效对互联网性能的影响,基于互联网由多自治系统关联的现实,模拟自治系统间的负载均衡,建立了多自治系统关联的级联失效模型。在此基础上定义了分别由强连接关系和弱连接关系组成的2种多自治系统关联网络,并分析了域间流量引起的级联失效对网络性能造成的影响。结果表明:存在引发级联失效的域间流量比例临界值;级联失效发生后,弱连接网络以吞吐量下降为主,强连接网络以负载增加为主。     

基于失效概率的网络脆弱性度量及优化方法

对网络脆弱性的研究进行了分析总结。综合考虑了网络节点失效概率和失效后果,将网络节点属性纳入到网络脆弱性度量中,并设计了网络优化框架,通过调整节点属性降低网络整体脆弱性实现网络的优化。实验验证所提出的脆弱性度量方法能合理地反映网络节点属性对网络脆弱性的影响,通过优化实现了网络脆弱性的显著下降。最后总结了所提方法现存的不足及未来研究前景。     

基于谱测度的地域通信网节点重要性评估

针对已有测度无法准确评价网络抗毁度和节点重要性的问题,提出了一种基于网络邻接矩阵谱特征的抗毁测度。抗毁测度的值越大,网络中替代路径就越多,网络的抗毁能力越强。在此基础上,给出了一种节点重要性评估方法,如果节点失效后网络抗毁测度下降越多,则该节点在网络中的重要性越大。     

Evaluating Nodes Importance in Regional Communication Network Based on Spectral Measure

针对已有测度无法准确评价网络抗毁度和节点重要性的问题,提出了一种基于网络邻接矩阵谱特征的抗毁测度.抗毁测度的值越大,网络中替代路径就越多,网络的抗毁能力越强.在此基础上,给出了一种节点重要性评估方法,如果节点失效后网络抗毁测度下降越多,则该节点在网络中的重要性越大.     

指挥控制网络中节点安全性重要度评估方法

针对现有评估方法无法全面反映指挥控制网络节点重要度的问题,提出了一种综合考虑网络机密性、完整性和可用性的节点重要度评估方法.考虑设备处理能力、存储容量和信道带宽,构建了指挥控制网络的加权网络模型;给出了基于层次分析法的节点安全性重要度综合评估方法;综合考虑攻击者利用被攻陷节点对网络机密性、完整性和可用性的破坏,基于重要性等价于破坏性的思想,引入拓扑势理论,分别提出了节点机密性、完整性和可用性重要度评估方法.最后,通过实例分析证明了该方法的有效性.     

军事物流多层网络级联失效问题初探

军事物流网络是一个复杂的多层网络体系,包括指挥控制网络、保障网络和交通网络,各网络内部以及网络之间均存在级联失效现象。从军事物流网络级联失效的概念和机理入手,分析并建立了军事物流多层网络模型及其级联失效模型,构建了一个能较为客观地反映军事物流现实情况的网络示例。通过仿真计算,分析了不同类型节点失效后对军事物流多层网络整体的影响,初步探寻了级联失效的基本规律。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.