损伤本构模型在边坡工程损伤破坏研究中的应用

从材料破坏机理与规律出发研究结构性土体工程的渐进破坏过程,是实际工程研究的重要方向。针对结构性土的变形特点和传统本构模型解决结构性土体工程渐进破坏过程的不足,采用作者以前提出的结构性土损伤本构模型对边坡工程算例的渐进破坏过程进行模拟分析。算例计算结果分析表明：边坡在破坏过程中会形成一个贯通剪切带,剪切带土体完全损伤;剪切带上方土体损伤相对较小,且有距离剪切带越远损伤越小的趋势;剪切带下方土体损伤也较小,主要因为开挖对其影响很小且处于稳定的坡体内。研究证明,运用结构性土损伤本构模型能较好地解决实际工程损伤破坏问题。     

炸药装药在压剪加载下的起爆特点

进行了两类压剪加载实验：（１）利用石英的平面正碰撞产生压剪加载的实验,采用电磁质速法测试装药试件内部不同质点的运动情况,分析炸药装药中发生化学反应的可能性;（２）在压剪炮上采用平行倾斜碰撞产生压剪加载的实验,观测炸药装药爆炸的可能性。由实验可以看出：在亚爆轰状态的压缩加载应力条件下,剪切的联合作用对炸药的起爆起到敏化作用,适当比例的压剪加载造成更加敏感的炸药起爆响应。文中给出了起爆响应规律和响应机制的实验分析。     

线型炸药羽状水幕视频分析

为防御高速掠海飞行的反舰巡航导弹对海军舰船的袭击,海军水面战中心(达黑格伦)分部(简称NSWCDD)正致力开发一项有效的防御技术,这项技术采用了一种新型的杀伤武器——水幕,这将为海军舰船提供一种费用低而通用性好的末端防御系统。水幕是由若干水下爆炸物在浅水爆炸后形成的。为支持水幕防御技术的发展并验证其价值,1995年7月进行了鳞片状线形炸药的水下爆炸试验,试验的目的是为了确定连续型和离散型线形炸药在水下爆炸后在空中形成喷射水柱的数量。长30～56英尺装有C-4炸药的连续型线形炸药在水下爆炸后在水面上形成羽状水雾。装有C-4炸药,重10磅,间距8英尺的5到8枚离散型线形炸药在水下依次爆炸后同样可以形成羽状水雾。线形炸药的布放深度和离散型炸药的水平间距应使喷射水柱的数量最大。安置在线形炸药垂直和平行方向的VHS摄像机以每秒30帧的速度拍摄下水幕的形成过程,爆炸试验产生的水幕尺寸可以通过记录在录像带上的数字化图像来确定。本报告提出了这一系列(爆炸)试验中分别由连续和离散型线形炸药的水下爆炸生成的水幕高度和外形测量结果。     

铀矿开采

铀矿床的特点是矿体形态复杂,面积和厚度小,多数在压碎带、破碎带、剪切和强力裂隙中赋存,造成开掘和支护复杂化。铀又与其他金属共生,形成复合矿,采矿时要考虑综合利用。例如,我国铀矿采冶工作者,就开发了独具特色的煤型铀矿的采冶工艺及设备。铀矿物和铀矿石具有放射性,在开采过程中必须要有预防氡气和放射性微尘的设备,保护工作者的人身安全。     

超临界流体制取超微细高能炸药新工艺

随着我国军事装备的现代化发展,高能混合炸药及高能推进剂对高能单质炸药的使用规格提出了更高的要求。装药试验及使用证明,超细粉体高能炸药能够显著改善装药的综合性能,同时可有效提高炸药的爆燃性能,因此,对炸药粒度指标的要求已趋向微细化、超细化。我国正在进行N-15的推进剂性能改进研究项目,对HMX的粒度及粒度分布已规定具体的控制指标,目前正在深化研磨法工艺研究试验。由此可见,高能炸药的超细化已逐步形成一项新型产业,超细化工艺的升华改进势在必行。     

装药结构对破片初速影响特性

为了满足低附带战斗部的毁伤效果,将炸药与破片混合形成新型混合装药模式。在混合装药模式中,为了研究不同装药结构对破片初速的影响特性,设计了3种不同装药结构并进行数值模拟和试验;对比发现,数值模拟与试验结果规律吻合,破片的初速与装药结构有一定的关系。根据试验数据拟合了3种不同装药结构中破片最大速度曲线对比图,通过分析得出:不同装药结构中,炸药与破片分层越多,爆轰瞬间,相邻炸药所产生爆轰效果会发生叠加,爆轰波对破片的驱动效果会增强,则破片的初速也就越大。     

炸药爆热测量方法及应用的研究进展

爆热是表征炸药能量释放的重要参数。GJB772A—97方法701.1 “爆热-恒温法和绝热法”规定了小当量炸药的测试方法,在各类炸药的测量中发挥了重要作用。从炸药爆热的理论计算和测量原理出发,介绍了恒温法和绝热法爆热测试仪的组成和测试方法,分析了高能炸药和金属化炸药的爆热测试结果,以及炸药爆热的影响因素。归纳了爆热测试仪几十年来不断更新和发展动态。TNT当量从50 g增加到300 g,内外桶测温精度和设备自动化程度不断提高,样品平行试验的最大偏差进一步降低。目前,中物院化材所研制的BR300g-I绝热法爆热测试仪是国内最大当量的爆热测试仪,能够满足多种较大尺寸炸药的爆热测试需求。     

基于应变局部化理论的剑桥模型改进

应用传统的弹塑性理论模型在分析剪切带的时候遇到了很多困难,如控制方程失去椭圆性等,其原因是传统的弹塑性理论模型并没有包含材料的内部参数。在剑桥模型的基础上,考虑应变二阶梯度,提出一种新的计算剪切带的理论模型。当应变局部化发生时,带内土体采用该模型计算,带外土体则按照传统弹塑性模型计算。该理论模型汲取了剑桥模型实验参数少,应用简便的优点。     

梯黑炸药粘度指标的测定方法探讨

一、概述梯黑炸药,法国称为Hexolite,美英等国称之为Cyclotol,但均表示“梯恩梯(TNT)与黑索今(RDX)熔混物”,该类炸药已经在世界各国得到了广泛应用,并可根据使用要求的不同,TNT与RDX的配比在较大幅度内变化,从而形成不同的品种。由于梯黑炸药可熔铸使用,操作方便,设备简单,并且其成型温度远远低于可能发生危险的程度,还容易装填大型的和药室复杂的弹体,同时,R D X与TNT都有良好的热安定性,内外相容性也很好,能够满足长期贮存的需要。因此,它现在仍是重要的军用炸药,更适合于航弹、火箭及导弹战斗部装药。改善梯黑炸药的能量水平,有…     

聚能射流形成过程的理论建模与分析

分析了聚能射流的形成过程,并对其中的各阶段进行了详细建模。在模型中考虑了炸药爆轰、金属的驱动、药型罩压垮以及射流和杵体的形成过程。采用该模型对某一聚能装药结构进行了计算,计算结果表明:药型罩顶部和底部微元的压垮速度较小,在射流头部形成反向速度梯度,与试验数据吻合较好。该模型对于多级侵彻战斗部的工程设计与侵彻参数的计算具有一定的参考价值。     

Recent advances in the synthesis and energetic properties of potassium-based potential green primary explosives

Primary explosives are utilized as a reliable initiator for secondary explosives in an extensive range of military and civilian operations. Heavy–metal–based primary explosives are moderate performing, more sensitive, and environmentally hazardous, posing a direct and indirect threat to health and safety. Therefore, heavy–metal–based primaries have been replaced by environment-friendly metal-based primary explosives, such as potassium complexes. This review presents not only a summary of the current progress of new-generation potassium-based primary explosives and their methods of preparation, energetic properties, and applications, but also a further comparison with traditional primary explosives. In addition, this work discusses the necessity of heavy metal–free primary explosives and the major challenges faced in replacing traditional primary explosives.     

Investigation on energy output structure of explosives near-ground explosion

In order to give the energy output structure of typical explosives near-ground explosion in real ground conditions, the free-field shockwave, ground reflection shockwave and Mach wave overpressure time history of composition B explosive, RDX explosive and aluminized explosive were measured by air pressure sensors and ground pressure sensors. The shape of the free-field shock wave, ground reflection shock wave, and Mach wave and explosion flame were captured by high-speed camera. The experimental results show that, at the same horizontal distance from the initiation point, the peak overpressure of explosive shock wave of composition B explosive, both in the air and on the ground, is less than that of RDX and aluminized explosives. At a distance of 3.0 m from the initiation point, the peak overpressure of aluminized explosives is slightly less than that of RDX explosives. Owing to the exothermic effect of aluminum powder, the pressure drop of aluminized explosives is slower than that of RDX explosives. At 5.0 m from the initiation point, the peak overpressure of aluminized explosives is larger than that of RDX explosives. At the same position from the initiation point, among the three kinds of explosives, the impulse of aluminized explosives is the maximum and the impulse of composition B explosives is the minimum. With the increase of the horizontal distance from the initiation point, the height of Mach triple-points (Mach steam) of the three explosives increases gradually. At the same horizontal distance from the initiation point, there is poorly difference in the height of Mach triple-points between aluminized explosive and RDX explosive, and the height of Mach triple-points of composition B explosive is much smaller than that of other two explosives. The maximum diameter and duration of the fireball formed by aluminized explosives are the largest, followed by composition B explosive, and the maximum diameter and duration of the fireball formed by RDX explosive are the smallest.     

液体炸药的特性及其探测技术

近年来,恐怖分子热衷于使用液体炸弹实施袭击,利用其制造简易、携带隐蔽、识别困难、现场配用等特点,逃避安全检查。液体炸药的有效识别和探测,成为各国安全部门亟待解决的问题。     

The Early Responses of Air-backed plate subjected to underwater explosion with aluminized explosives

This work aims to research the effects on the early responses of the air-backed plate subjected to the loading generated by the underwater explosion with aluminized explosives. The loading characteristics of underwater explosion for ideal explosive (TNT), aluminized explosives (RS211 and RBUL) are obtained experimentally. The tested aluminized explosives have different energy output compared with TNT. Based on the Taylor plate theory, the early responses of the air-backed steel plate affected by the measured loading is analyzed. The analytical results indicate that the pressure curve of the shock wave within 1 time decay constant is the main factor affecting the kick-off velocity of the plate when cavitation occurring. The velocity responses of the plate produced by the loading of RS211 and RBUL are obviously different with that of an equivalent TNT charge, which also indicates validity and suitability should be noticed in the case of substituting TNT for aluminized explosives. Moreover, the uncertainties in the responses of the plate produced by RS211 and RBUL are much larger than TNT.     

应变局部化理论及在岩土中的应用

应变局部化是物质内部应变积聚而生成的应变窄带,也称剪切带。固体材料特别是岩土材料的塑性变形和破坏常常与应变局部化现象相联系。应用经典连续介质力学来研究应变局部化现象遇到很多困难,如数值模拟的结果病态依赖于有限元网格等。为了克服这一困难,国内外研究者尝试着用各种不同的方法来研究应变局部化现象,包括理论、实验、数值模拟等方法。本文对应变局部化理论及其在岩土中新的应用进行了总结与回顾。     

Study of nano-nitramine explosives: preparation,sensitivity and application

Nano-nitramine explosives (RDX, HMX, CL-20) are produced on a bi-directional grinding mill. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations show that the prepared particles are semi-spherical, and the narrow size distributions are characterized using the laser particle size analyzer. Compared with the micron-sized samples, the nano-products show obvious decrease in friction and impact sensitivities. In the case of shock sensitivities, nano-products have lower values by 59.9% (RDX), 56.4% (HMX), and 58.1% (CL-20), respectively. When nano-RDX and nano-HMX are used in plastic bonded explosives (PBX) as alternative materials of micron-sized particles, their shock sensitivities are significantly decreased by 24.5% (RDX) and 22.9% (HMX), and their detonation velocities are increased by about 1.7%. Therefore, it is expected to promote the application of nano-nitramine explosives in PBXs and composite modified double-based propellants (CMDBs) so that some of their properties would be improved.     

高速水射流倒空弹体装药安全性研究

本文阐述了高速水射流倒空弹体装药的机理,建立了确定水射流引爆炸药的临界速度的模拟实验方法和模型,进行了高速水射流冲击炸药的安全性试验,并对试验结果进行了分析,证明在工作泵压下高速水射流倒空弹体装药安全、可靠。     

Experimental and numerical study of the fragmentation of expanding warhead casings by using different numerical codes and solution techniques

There has been increasing interest in numerical simulations of fragmentation of expanding warheads in 3D. Accordingly there is a pressure on developers of leading commercial codes, such as LS-DYNA, AUTODYN and IMPETUS Afea, to implement the reliable fracture models and the efficient solution techniques. The applicability of the Johnson–Cook strength and fracture model is evaluated by comparing the fracture behaviour of an expanding steel casing of a warhead with experiments. The numerical codes and different numerical solution techniques, such as Eulerian, Lagrangian, Smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH), and the corpuscular models recently implemented in IMPETUS Afea are compared. For the same solution techniques and material models we find that the codes give similar results. The SPH technique and the corpuscular technique are superior to the Eulerian technique and the Lagrangian technique (with erosion) when it is applied to materials that have fluid like behaviour such as the explosive and the tracer. The Eulerian technique gives much larger calculation time and both the Lagrangian and Eulerian techniques seem to give less agreement with our measurements. To more correctly simulate the fracture behaviours of the expanding steel casing, we applied that ductility decreases with strain rate. The phenomena may be explained by the realization of adiabatic shear bands. An implemented node splitting algorithm in IMPETUS Afea seems very promising.     

Effect of energy content of the nitraminic plastic bonded explosives on their performance and sensitivity characteristics

Information about the forty nine nitraminic plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) and different nitramines were collected. Fillers of these PBXs are nitramines 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and β-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5-tetrazocane (β-HMX), cis-1,3,4,6-tetranitro-octahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole (bicyclo-HMX, BCHMX) and ε-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (ε-HNIW, CL-20) which are bonded by polyfluoro-elastomers, polydimethyl-siloxane, poly-glycidyl azide, polyisobutylene, polystyrene-butadiene, poly-acrylonitrile-butadiene and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene in addition to a melt cast compositions based on 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. For thirty two of these PBXs the relationships are specified and analyzed between heats of their combustion and relative explosive strengths; by means of these relationships it might be possible to estimate, which groupings in the macromolecule of binder could be liable to their primary fission in the PBXs initiation. Similarly, for forty two of these explosives, the relationships are described and analyzed between their enthalpies of formation and impact sensitivities; here is especially attention paid to PBXs filled by BCHMX. Specific rate constants from Vacuum Stability Test (VST) of four nitramines and twenty PBXs are introduced into relationships with their enthalpies of formation. Regarding to all the mentioned cases, increasing of energy content of the studied explosives leads to increase of the relative explosive strength or initiation reactivity, respectively. Exception with the opposite trend, the outputs of VST are for BCHMX, where in PBXs are matrices with the esteric plasticizers or the energetic poly-glycidyl azide. Admixture of RDX or HMX, respectively, into the BCHX PBXs gives ternary PBXs whose thermal stability, in the sense of applied VST, is higher comparing to the original binary explosives.     

Ireland's Ho Chi Minh trail? The Republic of Ireland's role in the Provisional IRA's bombing campaign, 1970–1976

A common criticism levelled at successive governments of the Republic of Ireland during the Northern Ireland ‘Troubles’ was their alleged inactivity in the face of a ferocious Provisional IRA campaign. Such criticisms were based in large part on the perception of the southern state as a supply base for militant republicanism. The Republic was undoubtedly a formidable logistics hinterland for such militants. However, criticisms of the reactions of authorities in the south are unfair. This article considers the explosives capabilities of the IRA during the first six years of their campaign. It does so with reference to their attempts to obtain commercial explosives as well as measures employed by them to obtain homemade explosives. The article also considers countermeasures employed by the southern government and reveals the extent to which they sought to shut down IRA capabilities in the south. It is argued that, ultimately, the IRA's campaign in this regard could only be contained and never unilaterally halted.