当代西方城市安全观念变迁

城市安全问题伴随着城市的产生而出现,近年来随着城市化进程在全球范围迅猛推进,城市安全问题显得尤为重要与紧迫。资本、人口向城市大量集聚,城市物质空间结构和城市社会结构巨变,城市整体建成环境及其依托的自然生态环境恶化趋势明显,城市安全脆弱度增大,当代城市安全面临新的挑战。西方发达国家对当代城市安全问题的新动向极为关注,对城市安全观念作了深入全面的拓展研究。从城市安全动态发展的视角,对相关文献进行梳理与总结,考察当代西方城市安全观念研究变迁态势,以期为我国城市安全问题的研究深化提供有益的借鉴和启示,推动我国城市化进程的健康和可持续发展。     

城市作战环境下的装甲防护研究

随着冷战的结束,世界局部动荡形式的加剧,城市越来越多地成为现代战争的主要战场,作为地面部队重要装备的装甲战车也相应地要求能在城市巷战中作战。因此,许多国家趋向于发展重量较轻,体积较小的轻型装甲车辆以适应新的作战环境的需要。但是城市街道供反装甲步兵隐藏的地形错综复杂,再加上大量单兵反坦克武器的使用,轻型装甲战车在城市作战环境中的防护能力弱的问题又暴露出来。怎样提高装甲战车在城市战争中的生存能力,已经在世界许多国家中受到越来越多的关注。一、城市环境中装甲战车面临的威胁1.新型榴弹发射器榴弹发射器具有重量轻、尺…     

濒海城市人员防护面临的八大挑战

保护人民生命财产安全是城市人民防空的重要内容之一。文章研究濒海城市人员防护问题是濒海大城市战略地位重要、战场环境特殊、重要目标众多等特点所决定的。加强对城市人员防护问题的研究将会成为迫切需要。     

iIi市防空作战指导应处理好的几个关系

确立科学的作战指导,是进行城市防空作战最根本、最首要的问题。没有正确的作战指导,就不可能取得未来城市防空作战的胜利。信息化条件下,随着空袭兵器的发展,空袭作战方式发生了革命性变化,城市防空战场环境复杂,     

城市防空作战指导应处理好的几个关系

确立科学的作战指导,是进行城市防空作战最根本、最首要的问题.没有正确的作战指导,就不可能取得未来城市防空作战的胜利.信息化条件下,随着空袭兵器的发展,空袭作战方式发生了革命性变化,城市防空战场环境复杂,作战空间广阔,力量构成多元.如何立足我国防空力量的现状,正确处理好作战指导中存在的若干关系,是我们做好城市防空作战准备必须首先研究的问题.     

为城市民兵工作创造良好的社会环境

在市场经济条件下,城市民兵工作受企业深化改革、建立现代企业制度等影响,出现了领导难、协调难、召集难、经费难等问题,影响和制约着城市民兵工作的深入发展。欲解决这些问题,当前必须重点抓好以下几项工作。 一是抓好国防教育,为开展城市民兵工作奠定良好的思想基础。长期的和平环境和市场经济的利益驱动,致使部分领导干部、企业管理者和群众的国防观念有所淡化,对民兵工作缺乏足够的重视,有的企业甚至把民兵工作看成额外负担,从而影响了城市     

城市可持续发展水平量化的探讨

本文以城市环境－经济系统为研究对象,借助系统工程多目标技术和协同论的观点,针对城市可持续发展水平的量化问题建立了功效函数和协调度函数。最后应用这两个函数分析了重庆市可持续发展状况。     

基于风险的城市目标反恐安防策略优化方法

国际安全环境发生重大变化的新形势下,城市涉恐安全面临严峻挑战。基于风险理论,构建了城市目标遭受恐怖袭击风险描述和安防策略优化函数,提出了定量的城市目标反恐安防策略优化方法。并以某高铁站为例,通过模型分析、数据比较和优化反馈,获得其遭受恐怖袭击风险评估、现有安防措施有效性和策略优化结论,验证了方法的有效性,为解决城市涉恐安全问题提供决策和技术支撑。     

科学理顺城市民兵工作的领导管理关系——七论加强和改进城市民兵工作

随着社会主义市场经济的深入发展,城市民兵建设面临新的机遇和挑战。城市民兵工作传统的领导体制和保障机制还没有完全从计划经济模式下转变过来,城声民兵组织布局不够合理、领导关系不够顺畅、经费保障难度增大等问题仍然存在,长期的和平环境使部分干部、群众国防观念淡化,对城市民兵的战略地位和重要作用认识不足,影响了各项工作的开展。各级地方党委、政府和军事机关要高度重视这些问题,采取切实有效措施,认真加以研究解决,科学理顺城市民兵工作的领导管理关系。     

30载，与特区建设同辉——广东省汕头市民兵建设纪实

中国城市综合实力50强、优秀旅游城市、投资环境百佳城市、国家环境保护模范城市、卫生城市……一项项成绩,展示这里经济建设的辉煌。     

Insurgency in Afghanistan: implications for Pakistan's internal and external security

In the aftermath of 9/11, the USA embarked on a massive global hunt for terrorists and launched its “Operation Enduring Freedom” in Afghanistan. Its failure to control insurgency in Afghanistan spilled over into Pakistan, with disastrous consequences. The resurgence of the Taliban with more formidable tactics and maneuvering skills has become more troublesome for both Afghanistan and Pakistan and for the USA and its allied forces. The fierce comeback of the insurgents has challenged the political and territorial integrity of Pakistan, one that it cannot tolerate. This article analyzes the current situation and its implications for Pakistan's security. Moreover, it looks into the internal and external security complexities that Pakistan faces and the possible implications of the US exit strategy for Pakistan's security. It concludes that the security situation in Pakistan is continuously deteriorating and no part of her territory is immune from terrorists' attacks. To be successful, Pakistan must pursue a broad-based strategy that encompasses military, political, social, economic and informational domains aimed at accomplishing four major objectives: (1) elimination of foreign terrorists and their facilitators; (2) strengthening of the political and administrative institutions in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA); (3) establishing a safe and secure environment conducive for sustained development and the realization of real socio-economic progress and (4) integrating the FATA into the national mainstream. In the long term, a strategy based on the concept of “Enlightened Moderation” is the right solution, not only to the internal problems of Pakistan but also for the Muslim world and the international community.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

A best practice for assessment in counterinsurgency

In September 2011, the Commander of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan directed the Afghan Assessment Group to redesign the way in which ISAF was assessing the status of the war, and to be ‘revolutionary’ in so doing. The resulting assessment paradigm was novel, non-doctrinal, and effectively addressed the unique complexities of the counterinsurgency in Afghanistan and the needs of the ISAF Commander. It had a two-tier structure consisting of both strategic and campaign assessments. The former focused on answering a set of strategic questions in narrative, analytic form to address the strategic environment, while the latter used a set of standards and accompanying narrative responses to gauge accomplishment of campaign tasks. Both tiers captured the current state of the war while maintaining an eye on future challenges and opportunities. The two assessments and their associated processes were designed to stimulate discussions leading directly to decisions by senior leaders on actions they could take, direct, or request. While any assessment paradigm will have advantages and disadvantages, an examination of the pros and cons of this assessment paradigm makes clear that it should be considered a ‘best practice’ in the field of counterinsurgency assessment.     

Pakistan’s response to US foreign policy towards South Asia 1977–1993

Relations between the USA and Pakistan have been tenuous since the 1947 partition of British India and the subsequent creation of the former. The 1979 Soviet intervention in Afghanistan focused the attention of the international community on South Asia. This article will examine the foreign policies of three successive US Presidential Administrations between 1977 and 1993, and how their decisions and corresponding actions were interpreted by the Pakistani government and its people. The key finding is the trend of the ebb and flow of US interest in Pakistan. The primary research conducted for this article shows that Pakistanis recognize this trend and consider it hypocritical of the US government. The current conditions in South Asia are ominously similar to those of 1992 with the drawdown of US and NATO troops from Afghanistan. Policy-makers would be wise to review the events of 1977–1993 so that the cycle is not repeated again.     

ARMS CONTROL CONTINUUMS

In July 2001, member states will gather in New York for the UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Arms in All its Aspects. It represents part of the effort to establish controls on small arms and light weapons. This article argues that it is possible that nuclear and conventional arms control represent two ends of a continuum, with common goals and a common set of mechanisms and processes at work. A decade after the end of the Cold War, it is not surprising that the international community is working on mechanisms to deal with conventional arms. The existence of a continuum and connections between conventional and nuclear arms control is less evident. The two arms control communities appear to function in isolation of each other. The return to the debate on small arms and light weapons echoes post-World War I and II periods. The fact that small arms control is back on the agenda within the context of the UN may signify recognition that any kind of arms control serves the same purpose—preventing and mitigating the effects and duration of, and bringing an end to conflict.     

基于神经网络的柴油机特征参数评价与选择

在设备故障诊断中,正确地提取与选择特征参数对于诊断结果的有效性和准确性具有关键性的意义,在提出评价判据时样本的概率分布往往难以确定,针对模式识别中特征量的选择方法,结合人工神经网络原理,提出了利用人工神经网络进行故障特征量评价与选择的方法,实现了对柴油机特征参数的提取及选择,有效地解决了柴油机状态监测与故障诊断中测试参数多而难以优化的问题。     

Kinetic responses to global terrorism: Lessons from Africa

This essay recalls the immediate and longer-term responses of the US and its allies to the events of 9/11. It contends that the die for contemporary developments in transnational terrorism was cast in the immediate aftermath of 9/11 – in particular the launching of sustained ‘anti-terrorist’ military combat operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, and more covert ‘kinetic’ operations elsewhere in the Middle East and Africa. The essay seeks specifically to expose the counter-productivity of using military operations as the primary antidote to transnational terrorism. Focusing on the African ‘laboratory’ and the spread of transnational terrorism and Islamic militancy, particularly in West and East Africa, the essay concludes that radical Islamists have mastered the ‘battle of the narrative’ and that the Western penchant for dispensing a kinetic brand of medication is feeding rather than fighting the virus of global terrorism.     

数字化战场指挥控制系统的发展

简要介绍了数字化战场指挥控制系统的定义,并探讨了未来高科技战争对作战指挥控制所提出的新要求和产生的影响;重点介绍数字化战场指挥控制系统的描述方法及其采用的关键技术;最后着重论述国外数字化战场指挥控制系统的现状和发展趋势,特别是对未来数字化战场指挥控制系统发展的四个方向进行了重点阐述.     

镜头表面附着雨滴的检测和去除方法综述

视觉系统是自主无人系统的重要组成部分,附着在相机镜头表面的雨滴会在图像中产生伪影,造成图像质量退化,进而显著影响视觉系统的性能。为此全面深入地调研了近年来附着雨滴的检测和去除方法,凝练了附着雨滴检测和去除问题的本质,并总结了现有方法中使用的雨滴成像模型;从基于模型、基于数据驱动和基于摄像系统三个方向分类梳理了不同的技术方法;从网络架构和损失函数两个方面详细概述了深度网络模型的发展;汇总了现有文献中公开的附着雨滴数据集,并通过实验结果对部分算法的性能进行比较;讨论了检测和去除附着雨滴任务中存在的主要问题,并对该领域未来可能的发展方向进行了展望。