乳化油废水空化射流破乳实验

建立了空化射流破乳实验系统,确定了空化射流破乳实验方法。以空化射流破乳除油率作为衡量空化射流破乳效果好坏的标准,通过实验研究了表面活性剂质量浓度、油的质量浓度、静置时间、喷嘴入口压力、循环处理次数、靶距对空化射流破乳效果的影响规律。结果表明:与未添加表面活性剂相比,添加少量表面活性剂将使空化射流破乳除油率大幅度下降;空化射流破乳方法主要对不含表面活性剂的模型乳化油废水有一定效果;空化射流破乳除油率随着模型乳化油废水油的质量浓度、静置时间、喷嘴入口压力的增加而增加;循环处理次数较少时,空化射流破乳除油率随着循环处理次数的增加而增加,但循环处理次数过多反而使除油率下降;存在最佳靶距280 mm。     

多喷管超声速射流噪声的实验及数值模拟研究

为分析多喷管超声速燃气射流的噪声特性,对四喷管射流进行了实验和数值模拟研究。数值仿真采用大涡模拟结合Ffowcs Williams&Hawkings声学模型计算四喷管射流噪声,并与实验测量的噪声结果相对比以验证数值计算方法的可靠性。结果表明,仿真结果与实验结果变化趋势一致,其中远离地面的测点的总声压级与实验值相对误差为1.2%左右,验证了所采用的数值方法可准确预测多喷管超声速射流噪声;在高度欠膨胀状态下,四喷管的四束射流间存在相互干扰,并在四束射流合并后流动迅速转变为湍流状态;射流下游的大尺度湍流混合噪声是四喷管射流噪声的主要来源,总声压级沿射流方向最大。研究结果可为超声速喷管及其降噪方案设计提供参考。     

射流角度和壁面曲率对撞壁液膜的影响

射流角度和壁面曲率是空间液体火箭发动机液膜冷却设计的重要参数,通过实验研究了入射角和壁面曲率半径对射流撞壁液膜形态和液膜厚度的影响;实验中液膜厚度的测量采用探针法法测量。对射流撞壁的溅射现象进行的分析表明,射流由壁面附着状态转变为液滴飞溅状态的临界We数为214.1,射流撞壁后由附壁状态转变为溅射状态的临界入射角度为23.1°,根据液体火箭发动机冷却的需要可以选择合适的射流角度。     

空化射流降解毒性有机物实验研究

利用空泡溃灭局部产生的高温高压、强压力脉冲和微射流,可对大分子有机物进行降解。将空化效应引入高压水射流形成空化射流可对毒性有机污染物进行降解。分析了空泡溃灭过程的物理化学效应,研究了空化射流降解苯酚的机理,设计了空化射流实验装置,对配制的苯酚溶液进行了不同实验条件下的空化射流降解对比实验,采用高效液相色谱法测定采集样品的苯酚质量浓度,对实验效果进行对比分析。实验结果表明：空化射流对苯酚降解有效,空化射流降解实验存在最优喷嘴入口压力和最优靶距。     

目次

为改善等离子体合成射流激励器在稀薄空气环境中的控制效果,增强其临近空间环境适应性,开展了腔体增压条件下激励器工作特性的研究。建立了腔体增压效果理论分析模型,计算结果表明:采用高压气源供气可以较好地提升激励器腔体气压,并且腔体气压对高压气源气压具有较好的跟随性,从而为射流强度调节提供了一种新的方式。搭建了腔体增压等离子体合成射流激励器实验系统,开展了腔体增压压力和射流流场特性测量,实验测量结果与计算结果吻合良好,误差小于2.6%。高速纹影观测显示:在腔体增压作用下,激励器控制力得到显著改善,射流锋面峰值速度由256 m/s提升至507 m/s。     

激励器结构参数对合成射流影响的试验研究

为了设计高性能的合成射流激励器,实验采用热线风速仪测量激励器出口的流动速度,对不同大小激励器、不同出口形状激励器、单 双膜激励器以及金属振动膜处于不同装配受压状态下的激励器分别进行了试验。实验结果显示:激励器的结构决定了合成射流激励器的性能;激励器出口射流平均速度除了与激励器大小、出口面积有关外,还与出口形状有关,采用方孔 矩形孔形式的开口有利于建立较强的合成射流;双膜与单膜工作相比,合成射流最大速度基本上是成两倍关系;金属振动膜的安装形式(受压状态)不影响合成射流随频率的变化规律,但对合成射流速度影响很大,当激励器振动膜处于螺栓拧紧受压状态时,与振动膜不受压状态相比,合成射流出口速度几乎下降了一个数量级。     

基于CFD的磁射流抛光去除机理分析

应用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法分析了一种新型精密抛光技术——磁射流抛光的材料去除机理。磁射流抛光中,含有磨料的磁流变液射流被喷嘴出口附近的局部外加纵向磁场磁化,产生准直的硬化射流束来进行相对远距离的精密抛光。介绍了磁射流抛光的原理和实验装置,分析了磁流变液聚束射流的形成,通过一系列定点抛光实验研究了磁射流抛光工艺的材料去除分布特征,利用计算流体动力学的方法分析了垂直冲击和倾斜冲击情况下,磁流变液射流与工件表面相互作用时径向流场功率密度的分布特征。实验结果和仿真计算结果表明:磁流变液射流在工件表面径向扩展流动产生的径向剪切作用导致了材料去除;CFD方法能模拟抛光区去除率的三维分布,因此可以准确地预测抛光区形状。     

液滴粒径分布对空化射流破乳效果的影响

建立了空化射流破乳实验系统,确定了分析液滴粒径分布对空化射流破乳效果影响的实验方法,研究了液滴粒径分布对空化射流破乳效果的影响规律。结果表明:空化射流处理存在破乳和乳化两种相反的作用。对于含有较多大粒径液滴的模型乳化油废水而言,空化射流处理主要使模型乳化油废水进一步乳化,空化射流方法应用于含有较多大粒径液滴的模型乳化油废水破乳是不可行的;对于液滴粒径普遍较小的虹吸模型乳化油废水而言,空化射流处理能促进液滴的碰撞聚并,从而有利于虹吸模型乳化油废水的破乳,空化射流方法应用于液滴粒径普遍较小的虹吸模型乳化油废水的破乳具有一定的效果。     

空化射流实验研究

空化水射流技术是将空化作用引入到高压水射流而形成的一种新型高压水射流技术,在同等条件下,空化射流相对于普通高压水射流具有破碎和切割能力更高的特点。通过数值模拟和实验方法对空化技术进行研究,进行了喷嘴流场的数值模拟计算,设计了空化射流实验装置及空化喷嘴。以生锈铁板为研究对象,分别进行了喷嘴型号、打击时间、入口压力、靶距和扩散段长度的空化射流打击效果对比实验,研究了空化参数对空化效果的影响。实验结果表明角形喷嘴进行淹没射流的空化效果较好,空化射流除锈具有最优打击时间。不同的入口压力对应不同的最佳靶距。     

舵翼结构气动热力耦合数值模拟与实验研究

基于集束射流实验装置,开展了近空间飞行器喷管与舵翼结构热-流-固耦合有限元建模,模拟了喷管出口流场与舵翼模型的结构响应,并进行了流场压力、舵翼结构温度与高温应变的测量试验.结果表明,激波使舵翼前缘流场温度急剧升高,使舵翼结构产生很高的温度与温度梯度,气动热对结构响应的影响远大于气动力的作用.提出的模拟与实验方法对近空间...     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Panjwai: a tale of two COINs in Afghanistan

The US Army has two approaches to counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan. One is hard, or combat-focused, and the other is soft, or development-focused. This study examines two US Army task forces deployed to Panjwai District, Afghanistan from 2012 to 2013. CTF 4-9 and 1-38 offer a meaningful comparison because they pursued these contrasting approaches among the same population and against the same enemy at the same time and place. The study compares each unit’s approach and finds that neither approach was successful absent the other. The article concludes by recommending further research into combining the approaches at the operational level.     

线性核时频信号表示及其仿真

根据ｃｈｉｒｐ信号在模糊域的特点,本文提出了线性核时频表示方法。这种方法在提高分辨率、消除交叉项以及抑制噪声等方面都具有较高的性能。理论分析和实验结果都证实了这种方法的有效性     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

Forecasting a Hurricane: Israeli and American Estimations of the Khomeini Revolution

The surprising ‘Arab Spring’ raises the question as to what would enable national intelligence to provide high quality warnings prior to the eruption of popular revolutions. This article uses new sources of evidence to trace and explain Israel's success in comparison to US failure at correctly estimating the course of the Iranian Revolution in 1977–79. In explaining this variance, the article shows that it was mainly the result of the intimate acquaintance of Israel's representatives in Iran with the local language, history and culture, as well as the ability to communicate with locals – tools which the Americans completely lacked.     

关于教师继续教育培训模式的思考

继续教育作为终身教育的重要组成部分和基本形式,对教师的发展成长意义重大。继续教育工作开展十多年来,取得了一定的成绩,但还存在不少问题,如学习动机较为被动,管理认识不到位,教学内容陈旧空泛,教学方法呆板机械等。随着课程改革的不断深入,继续教育必须采取相应的改进措施,树立以人为本,服务至上的观点,教学内容的前瞻性与实用性并重,教学人员进行整合,教学方法灵活多样,评价考核规范科学等,以此激活受训教师内在的学习动机,更大程度地提高继续教育培训的实际效果。     

用DirectShow实现网络视频

目前市场上的网络监控技术一般用昂贵的硬件设备来支撑,投资较大。在深入研究微软的DirectX9.0的基础上,提出如何用DirectShow软件技术和普通的数字摄像头来实现网络视频的监控和实现技术,内容涉及通信协议、视频的编码与解码技术、视频的编码格式和COM组件编程技术等,最终的实验结果令人满意,且费用低廉,技术可靠,为在高速局域网内构建视频监控系统提供有效的技术支持。     

Interpreting the Ribchester Helmet

In 1796 a 13-year-old boy playing on wasteland behind his father’s house in Ribchester, Lancashire discovered an assemblage of over 30 Roman artefacts, including a decorated brass helmet. Although partially corroded the Ribchester helmet is a fine example of a first-century AD cavalry sports helmet. This article considers how the interpretation of the helmet has evolved since its discovery. The multi-faceted iconography of the helmet with its mural crown diadem is that of an elite soldier and is paralleled in other examples of cavalry sports helmets of the Ribchester type. The long-neglected imagery on the helmet bowl is reinterpreted and seen not as a haphazard collection of randomly placed combatants but as a highly structured, symmetrical composition specifically designed to be viewed from different directions.     

Desert insurgency: lessons from the third Tuareg rebellion

This article provides an in-depth examination and analysis of the 2006–2009 Tuareg rebellion in Mali and Niger. It identifies the underlying reasons behind the rebellion, explores contrasting counter-insurgency (COIN) strategies employed by the two governments, and presents some lessons learned. While both COIN approaches ultimately produced similar peace settlements, the article argues that the Malian strategy of reconciliation combined with the selective use of force was far more effective than the Nigerien iron fist approach at limiting the size and scope of the insurgency and producing a more sustainable peace. It concludes by looking at the role of external actors, particularly the United States, and how the failure to internationalize the conflict was actually more beneficial to the local COIN effort, as well as to the longer strategic interests of the United States in the region.