Book reviews

Military Helicopters. By E. J. Everett‐Heath, G. M. Moss, A. W. Mowat and K. E. Reid. Brassey's, London (1990), ISBN 0–08–037341–0 (hardcover), ISBN 0–08–036716‐X (flexicover), £22.50 (hardcover), £12.95 (flexicover)

The Killing Ground: the British Army, the Western Front and the Emergence of Modern Warfare 1900–1918. By Tim Travers. Unwin‐Hyman, London (1990), ISBN 0–04–4457367, £11.95

The Influence of S. L. A. Marshall on the United States Army. By Major F. D. G. Williams. TRADOC Historical Monograph Series, Fort Monroe, VA (1990)     

Italian military efficiency: A debate

Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America. New York and London: Free Press and Macmillan, 1984, 1986. Pp.xiv + 621; $24.95.

Ian F. W. Beckett, The Army and the Curragh Incident, 1914. London: Bodley Head for The Army Records Society, 1986. Pp.xii + 456; £20.

Martin van Creveld, Command in War. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1985. Pp. 339. £18.25 and £8.75 (paperback).

Charles Townshend, Britain's Civil Wars: Counterinsurgency in the Twentieth Century. London: Faber &; Faber, 1986. Pp. 220; £14.95.

Eliot A. Cohen, Citizens and Soldiers: The Dilemmas of Military Service. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1985. Pp.227; $22.50.

Alberto R. Coll and Anthony C. Arend (eds.), The Falkland's War: Lessons for Strategy, Diplomacy and International Law. London and Boston, MA: George Allen &; Unwin, 1985. Pp.xiv + 252. £18 and £7.95 (paperback).

Barry M. Blechman and William J. Lynn (eds.), Towards a More Effective Defense. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing, 1985. Pp.xiii + 247; NP.

Jonathan B. Stein, From H‐Bomb to Star Wars: The Politics of Strategic Decision‐Making. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books and Aldershot, Hants: Gower, 1985. Pp.xiii + 118; £20.

Samuel P. Huntington (ed.), The Strategic Imperative: New Policies for American Security. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing, 1982. Pp.360; NP.

Stephanie G. Neuman, Military Assistance in Recent Wars: The Dominance of the Superpowers (The Washington Papers 122). Washington, DC and New York: The Center for Strategic and International Studies and Praeger Publishers, 1986. Pp. viii + 186; $10.95 (paperback).

Stanley R. Sloan, NATO's Future: Towards a New Transatlantic Bargain. London: Macmillan, 1986. Pp. xix + 194. Appendices; index. £27.50.

Hugh Stringer, Deterring Chemical Warfare: US Policy Options for the 1990s. Cambridge, MA: Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, 1986. Pp.xii + 76. NP.

Julian Perry Robinson (ed.), The Chemical Industry and the Projected Chemical Weapons Convention, Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press for Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Chemical &; Biological Warfare Studies, No.4), 1986. Pp.xix + 147. £12.50.

Julian Perry Robinson (ed.), The Chemical Industry and the Projected Chemical Weapons Convention, Vol.2. Oxford: Oxford University Press for Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Chemical &; Biological Warfare Studies, No. 5), 1986. Pp.xix + 233. £12.50.

Keith B. Payne, Strategic Defense: ‘Star Wars’ in Perspective. Lanham, MD: Hamilton Press, 1986. Pp. xviii + 250. $20.95 (hardback); $9.95 (paper).

Bhupendra Jasani (ed.), Space Weapons: The Arms Control Dilemma. Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (London &; Philadelphia), 1984. Pp.xiv + 255. £18. Distributed by Taylor &; Francis.

P. Edward Haley, David M. Kethly, and Jack Merritt (eds.), Nuclear Strategy, Arms Control, and the Future. Boulder, Co and London: Westview Press, 1985. Pp.xxii + 372. £15.95.     

Decision costs in the intelligence cycle

John Terraine, The Smoke and the Fire: Myths and Anti‐Myths of War 1861–1945. London: Sidgwick &; Jackson, 1980. Pp. 240; £8.95.

Stephen Roskill, Admiral of the Fleet: Earl Beatty. London: Collins,1980. Pp. 430; £12.95.

Peter and Leni Gillman, ’Collar the Lot’. How Britain Interned and Expelled its Wartime Refugees. London: Quartet Books, 1980. Pp. 314; £8.95.

Frederic A. Bergerson, The Army Gels An Air Force: Tactics of Insurgent Bureaucratic Politics. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980. Pp. xiii + 216; £8.50.

Christoph Bertram (ed), Prospects of Soviet Power in the 1980s. London: Macmillan, and IISS, 1980. Pp. 126; £15.

James M. Roherty (ed.), Defense Policy Formulation: Towards Comparative Analysis. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1980. Pp. 315; $14.95.

Franklyn Griffiths and John C. Dolanyi, The Dangers of Nuclear War. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979. $15.00.

Kenneth Mackenzie, Turkey under the Generals. London: Institute for the Study of Conflict, Conflict Studies. Number 126, January 1981. Pp. 31.     

Book reviews

British Naval Policy and Norwegian Security: Maritime Power in Transition, 1951-60.. By Mats Berdal. Forsvarsstudier No. 2/92, Institutt For Forsvarsstudier (IFS) Oslo, Norway, 1992, ISSN 0333-3981.

The European Security Order Recast: Scenarios for the Post-Cold War Era.. By Barry Buzan, Morten Kelstrup, Pierre Lemaitre, Elzbieta Tromer and OLE Waever. Pinter, London (1990), ISBN 086187143X, £30.00.

Mates and Muchachos: Unit Cohesion in the Falklands War.. By Nora Kinzer Stewart. Brassey's (US), Washington DC (1991), ISBN 008-037-4395, $20.

The Declining Hegemon: The United States and European Defense, 1960-1990.. By Joseph Lepgold. Praeger, New York (1990), ISBN 0-275-93657-0, $15.95 pb.

Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance.. By Donald Mackenzie. MIT Press, Cambridge MA, and London, England (1990), ISBN 262-132-583, £19.95.     

A method for solving the transportation problem

A new method has been developed f o r solving the transportation problem. This method is a modification and a generalization of the method for solving the multiple assignment problem developed by Dr. A. J. Hoffman and Dr. H. M. Markowitz. This method is of interest for several reasons. In the first place it is significantly different from all other methods for solving the trans -portation problem known to the author. Secondly, it is moderately simple touse and understand. Thirdly, and perhaps most important, it has proved to be very adaptable tri high-speed computer operations. It is now being used by several branches of the armed services.     

Reviews

A. Hamish Ion and E.J. Errington (eds.), Great Powers and Little Wars: the Limits of Power. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993. Pp.246, select biblio, index. $49.95. ISBN 0275–93965–0

John M. Rothgeb, Jr., Defining Power: Influence and Force in the Contemporary International System. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993. Pp.205. $39.95 (hbk); $18.70 (pbk). ISBN 0312–086–822 and 061–056

Brian L. Job (ed.), The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security in Third World States. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992, Pp.257. $37. ISBN 1–55587–267–0

Edwin G. Corr and Stephen Sloan (eds.), Low‐Intensity Conflict: Old Threats in a New World. Westview Studies in Regional Security, Boulder, CO: Westview, 1992. Pp.310, maps, figures, index. $55 (hbk); $18.85 (pbk). ISBN 0–8133–8593–8 and 8594–6     

Conventional force restructuring and arms control: A trailer for forthcoming attractions in this theatre

F. Barnaby, The Automated Battlefield. New York: The Free Press, 1986. Pp.185; $18.95.

R. Berg and A.D. Rotfeld, Building Security in Europe: Confidence ‐Building Measures and the CSCE. New York: Institute for East‐West Security Studies, 1986. Pp.iii + 181; paperback; NP.

A. Pierre (ed.), The Conventional Defense of Europe: New Technologies and New Strategies (Europe/America series No.5), New York and London: New York University Press, 1986. Pp.xii + 185; $19.50.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

C2有理插值样条曲线曲面

首先提出一组基函数向量,它具有以下特定的性质：ＢＢ（０）Ｔ＝（０．０,１．０,０．０,０．０）,ＢＢ（１）Ｔ＝（０．０,０．０,１．０,０．０）ＢＢ＇（０）Ｔ＝（－０．５,０．０,０．５,０．０）,ＢＢ＇（１）Ｔ＝（０．０,－０．５,０．０,０．５）ＢＢ″（０）Ｔ＝－（１．０,－２．０,１,０,０．０）,ＢＢ″（１）Ｔ＝（０．０,１．０,－２．０．１．０）。进而研究了以此函数向量的张量积形式定义的有理样条曲面。并得以下结论：（１）插值性;（２）Ｃ２连续性;（３）局部性和可调性。文中还分析了“权”的作用,并指出它与三次Ｂ－样条的类似性。     

INDO-U.S. SPACE COOPERATION

In January 2004 U.S. President George W. Bush and Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee announced the Next Steps in Strategic Partnership (NSSP), a bilateral initiative to expand cooperation in the areas of civilian space activities, civilian nuclear programs, and high-technology trade and to expand discussions on missile defense. Today, India and the United States view the NSSP initiative as a tool to transfer high-technology items to India without compromising U.S. nonproliferation goals. The success of this proposal depends on U.S. efforts to modify its nonproliferation regulations and India's efforts to implement stringent regulations to control the flow of sensitive technologies within its borders. This report examines the Indo-U.S. NSSP initiative and associated agreements, discusses the set of reciprocal steps agreed upon by India and the United States, reviews the extent of technology transfer permissible under existing U.S. nonproliferation regulations, and presents some preliminary conclusions on the NSSP agreement.     

Book reviews

Red Banner: the Soviet Military System in Peace and War. By Christopher Donnelly. Jane's Information Group, Coulsdon, UK (1988), 288 pp., £35.00

Images of T. E. Lawrence. By S. E. Tabachnick and C. Matheson. Jonathan Cape, London (1988); The Letters of T. E. Lawrence. Edited by Malcolm Brown. Dent, London (1988); T. E. Lawrence. By J. Wilson. National Portrait Gallery Publications, London (1988); Lawrence and the Arab Revolts. By D. Nicolle. Osprey, London (1989)

Liddell Hart and the Weight of History. By John Mearsheimer. Brassey's, London (1989), £15.95

Science and Mythology in the Making of Defence Policy. Edited by Margaret Blunden and Owen Greene. Brassey's, London (1989), £27.50/$44.00

Warfare in the Twentieth Century. Edited by Colin McInnes and G. D. Sheffield. Unwin Hyman, London (1988), 239 pp., £25.00     

Churchill's naval holiday: Arms control and the Anglo‐German naval race, 1912–1914

Brian Johnson, The Secret War. London: BBC, 1978. Pp. 352; £6.50.

R. V. Jones, Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939–45. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1978. Pp. xx + 556; £7.95.

Solly Zuckerman, From Apes to Warlords 1904–46. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1978. Pp. 00 (Information not available from publisher); £8.50.

Adrian Preston, ed., General Staffs and Diplomacy before the Second War. London: Croom Helm, 1978. Pp. 138; £5.95.

W. G. F. Jackson. ’Overlord’: Normandy 1944. London: Davis Poynter, 1978. Pp. 250; £6.75.

Richard K. Betts, Soldiers, Statesmen, and Cold War Crises. Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 1977. Pp. 292 + index + appendices; Np.

Gerard J. Mangone, Marine policy for America—The United States at Sea. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1977. Pp. 370, £17.50.

F. M. Richardson, Fighting Spirit. London: Leo Cooper, 1978. Pp. 189 + xv; £7.50.

Allen R. Millet, Ed., A Short History of the Vietnam War. London &; Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978. Pp. 169; £2.75.

Robert P. Berman, Soviet Airpower in Transition. Washington: Brookings, 1978. Pp. 82; $2.95 (Paper).     

ACHIEVING NUCLEAR BALANCE

One of the most important questions affecting U.S. national security is the future size of the U.S. nuclear stockpile. While there is clear consensus within the U.S. government on the need to reduce the size of the arsenal, there is none on the best path to achieve these cuts; on the type of deterrent necessary to deal with future threats; or on the size of the production complex needed to support that arsenal. Creating a strategic commission to review these questions, as contemplated in the Fiscal 2008 House Defense Authorization bill, is a necessary first step to establish a sensible nuclear policy. The Reliable Replacement Warhead, which has the potential to transform the complex while preserving the current moratorium on nuclear testing, is a program worth exploring further if it stays within congressionally mandated bounds. As Congress considers both programmatic and policy matters related to U.S. nuclear weapons, it is vital that we also renew and strengthen U.S. leadership on nuclear nonproliferation.     

INDIA AND THE NEW LOOK OF U.S. NONPROLIFERATION POLICY

U.S. nuclear export policy has undergone major transformations since 1945, and the most recent change, as expressed in the July 18, 2005, India-U.S. Joint Statement, represents an especially significant shift in policy. The document reverses more than a quarter century of U.S. declaratory policy, suggesting that the current U.S. administration regards nuclear proliferation to be both inevitable and not necessarily a bad thing. This article investigates this policy shift, looking at the history of U.S. nuclear export policy and the potential ramifications of the new policy on the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The author also touches on the potential effects of the Joint Statement on Indian-Pakistani relations. Finally, it is suggested that it is not too late for India and the United States to change the new policy with more consideration for the NPT and the Nuclear Suppliers Group Initiative.     

微结构连续损伤理论

本文从微结构理论出发,用相对变形描述微结构之间的微空隙和微裂纹引起的材料损伤的影响,得到用损伤张量描述的各向异性损伤的微结构连续损伤力学理论。该微结构损伤模型可化简为目前公认的几种主要损伤模型:如J.P. Cordebojs和F. Sidoroff的弹性各向异性损伤模型,D. Krajcino-vic和G.U.Fonseka的脆性材料平面裂纹损伤模型,J. Lemaitre的各向同性损伤理论及Kachanov的以面积减少为变量的损伤模型等。作者运用这一理论对混凝土材料的单向拉、压基本受载情形进行了数值分析,并与D. Krajcinovic的损伤模型计算结果及实验结果作了比较,所得结果与实验值比较吻合,特别是在失稳后阶段给出了较好描述,初步表明了本理论的有效性和实用性。     

Emotions,Risk Perceptions and Precautionary Actions of Citizens During a Military Operation Using a New Defence Technology: The Israeli Case of the Iron Dome

Abstract

The current field study used unique data collected in Israel in July 2014, during a military operation that the Israel Defence Forces (I.D.F.) conducted in the Gaza Strip, in reaction to the thousands of missiles launched from there into Israel. During this operation, the new Iron Dome anti-missile defence system was used to protect Israelis exposed to missile attacks. The study examined factors that correlate with decisions to comply with I.D.F. defence instructions regarding behaviour during missile attacks. In addition, the study examined the relationship between attitudes towards the Iron Dome technology and emotions, risk perceptions, and the decision to comply with I.D.F. defence instructions. The results indicate that stronger positive opinions towards Iron Dome were correlated with lower levels of fear and anger, and beliefs that participant’s chances of being injured by a missile were lower than they had been during previous military operation. In addition, better compliance with I.D.F. defence instructions correlated with being more fearful, angrier at Hamas, living closer to Gaza Strip, and having more positive opinions about Iron Dome. The findings also indicate gender differences with respect to factors correlated with risk perceptions, opinions regarding Iron Dome, and precautionary actions during attacks.     

基于ADS的仿真体系结构及其在EW靶场的应用

给出了组合LVC资源的ADS系统的基本概念,提出了可以适应LVC资源综合利用的层次式仿真体系结构。在总结电子战仿真系统开发过程的基础上,确定了将来自靶场暗室和外场资源真实的试验数据投入到ADS中采用的过程和方法。仿真系统的试验应用表明该体系结构能够充分利用各种资源的优势,满足电子战系统的试验训练需求。     

Book Reviews

Patrick Finney (ed.), The Origins of the Second World War. London: Arnold, 1997. Pp.xvi + 461, index. £15.99. ISBN 0–340–67640‐X.

Maria Emilia Paz, Strategy, Security, and Spies: Mexico and the US as Allies in World War II. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997. Pp.xii + 264, 10 illus., biblio., index. $55 (cloth); $19.95 (paper). ISBN 0–271–01665–5 and 01666–3.

Norman J.W. Goda, Tomorrow the World: Hitler, Northwest Africa and the Path toward America. College Station, Texas A&;M University Press, 1998. Pp.xxvi + 307, 2 maps, biblio., index. $39.95. ISBN 0–89096–807–1.

Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945–1954. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp.xii + 525, biblio., index. £25; $34.95. ISBN 0–521–64044‐X.

Stephen Van Evera, Causes of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999. Pp.viii + 270, index. $35. ISBN 0–801403201–4.

Eric Arnett (ed.), Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control in South Asia after the Test Ban, SIPRI Research Report No.14. Oxford: Oxford University Press/Stockholm Int Peace Research Institute, 1998. Pp.viii + 98, index. £12.99. ISBN 0–19–8294115.

T.V. Paul, Richard J. Harknett and James J. Wirtz (eds.), The Absolute Weapon Revisited: Nuclear Arms and Emerging International Order. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 1998. Pp.vi + 312, index. $47.50/£36. ISBN 0–472–10863–8.     

Book reviews

G. C. Peden, British Rearmament And The Treasury: 1932–1939. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1979. Pp. 227; £6.00.

B. Mitchell Simpson (Ed.), War Strategy and Maritime Power. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1978. Pp. 356; $19.50.

Paola E. Coletta, Admiral Bradley A. Fiske and the American Navy. Lawrence, Kansas: The Regents Press, 1979. Pp. 306; $25.00.

James L. George, Problems of Sea Power as We Approach the Twenty‐First Century. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1978. Pp. 365; $11.75, clothbound and $5.75 paperback.

Donald C. Daniel (Ed), International Perceptions of the Super‐Power Military Balance. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1978. Pp 198;£13.50.

D. Frei (ed.), International Crises and Crisis Management. Farnborough: Saxon House, 1978. Pp. 154; £10.00.

Yaacov Ro'i (Ed.), The Limits to Power: Soviet Policy in the Middle East. London: Croom Helm, 1979. Pp. 376; £10.95.

E. J. Feuchtwanger and R. A. Mason, (Eds.), Air Power in the Next Genera‐tion. London: Macmillan Press, 1978. Pp. 151; £10.00.

J. David Singer (Ed.), The Correlates of War: I Research Origins and Rationale. New York: The Free Press; 1979. Pp. 405; £13.45.     

直流磁控溅射法制备c-BN膜

本研究用一种新的方法—直流磁控溅射法制备了立方氮化硼膜(c-BN)。因为它的沉积速率较高,未来工业化的潜力较大,这一技术对工业界具有很大意义。c-BN膜的沉积过程由过去的射频系统改造而来。直流溅射的靶材选用了碳化硼,靶及试样台均接负极。我们将试样台放在一圆形电磁线圈的中央,即采用非平衡磁控模式。试验证明,试样台上的离子流密度及高子与中性粒子的比例是重要的试验参数。通过试验,在单晶硅片及钢衬底上沉积了几近单相的c-BN膜,并用电子探针(EPMA)、X射线光电子谱(XPS)和红外谱(IR)对膜的成分和结构进行了分析。膜的硬度和摩擦系数测量表明,所制备的c-BN膜具有出色的机械和摩擦学性能。