硝化棉对硝酸铵的包覆工艺研究

提出了用硝化棉对硝酸铵表面进行包覆的新方法,对包覆工艺条件进行了研究,得到了最佳包覆工艺条件,对包覆条件的产品质量和钝感特性进行了测试,结果表明,产品包覆均匀,不易受潮结块,撞击感度进一步下降。最后对影响试验工艺条件的因素进行了探讨。     

Formation and characterization of core-shell CL-20/TNT composite prepared by spray-drying technique

The core-shell 2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane/2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (CL-20/TNT) composite was prepared by spray-drying method in which sensitive high energy explosive (CL-20) was coated with insensitive explosive (TNT). The structure and properties of different formulations of CL-20/TNT composite and CL-20/TNT mixture were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Laser particle size analyzer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), impact sensitivity test and detonation performance. The results of SEM, TEM, XPS and XRD show that ϵ-CL-20 particles are coated by TNT. When the ratio of CL-20/TNT is 75/25, core-shell structure is well formed, and thickness of the shell is about 20–30 nm. And the analysis of heat and impact show that with the increase of TNT content, the TNT coating on the core-shell composite material can not only catalyze the thermal decomposition of core material (CL-20), but also greatly reduce the impact sensitivity. Compared with the CL-20/TNT mixture (75/25) at the same ratio, the characteristic drop height of core-shell CL-20/TNT composite (75/25) increased by 47.6% and the TNT coating can accelerate the nuclear decomposition in the CL-20/TNT composites. Therefore, the preparation of the core-shell composites can be regarded as a unique means, by which the composites are characterized by controllable decomposition rate, high energy and excellent mechanical sensitivity and could be applied to propellants and other fields.     

The surface activation of boron to improve ignition and combustion characteristic

Boron is a very promising and highly attractive fuel because of high calorific value. However, the practical applications in explosives and propellants of boron have been limited by long ignition delay time and low combustion efficiency. Herein, nano-Al and graphene fluoride (GF) as surface activated materials are employed to coat boron (B) particles to improve ignition and combustion performance. The reaction heat of nano-Al coated B/KNO₃ and GF coated B/KNO₃ are 1116.83 J/g and 862.69 J/g, respectively, which are higher than that of pure B/KNO₃ (823.39 J/g). The ignition delay time of B/KNO₃ could be reduced through nano-Al coating. The shortest ignition delay time is only 75 ms for B coated with nano-Al of 8 wt%, which is much shorter than that of pure B/KNO₃ (109 ms). However, the ignition delay time of B/KNO₃ coated with GF has been increased from 109 to 187 ms. B coated with GF and nano-Al shown significantly influence on the pressure output and flame structure of B/KNO₃. Furthermore, the effects of B/O ratios on the pressure output and ignition delay time have been further fully studied. For B/KNO₃ coated with nano-Al and GF, the highest pressures are 88 KPa and 59 KPa for B/O ratio of 4:6, and the minimum ignition delay time are 94 ms and 148 ms for B/O ratio of 7:3. Based on the above results, the reaction process of boron coated with GF and nano-Al has been proposed to understand combustion mechanism.     

界面改性对SiCp/Cu复合材料导热性能的影响*(复合材料专题)

采用磁控溅射法结合结晶化热处理工艺在碳化硅（Silicon Carbide, SiC）颗粒表面成功制备了金属钼（Molybdenum, Mo）涂层,分析了Mo涂层的成分和形貌;然后采用热压烧结工艺制备了SiCp/Cu复合材料,重点对比分析了Mo界面阻挡层厚度对复合材料导热性能的影响。结果表明：磁控溅射法能够在SiC颗粒表面沉积得到Mo 涂层,随溅射时间的延长Mo涂层的厚度增加、粗糙度增大,且磁控溅射后SiC颗粒表面直接得到的Mo涂层为非晶态,结晶化热处理后,变为致密平整的晶态Mo涂层。磁控溅射时间即Mo涂层厚度对复合材料导热性能影响明显,随磁控溅射时间的增加,复合材料的热导率呈现先增后减趋势,采用磁控溅射9h镀Mo改性并经过800℃结晶化热处理的SiC复合粉体在850℃下热压烧结制备的SiCp/Cu复合材料（VSiC=50%）,其热导率达到了最高值274.056W/(m·K)。     

应用电弧喷涂技术治理舰船钢结构腐蚀

本文论述了舰船钢结构的腐蚀机理,腐蚀特点及影响因素.指出电弧喷涂铝复合涂层能够长期有效地对舰船钢结构进行腐蚀保护,延长舰船钢结构的使用寿命,这是其它任何腐蚀防护技术都难以实现的.电弧喷涂铝复合涂层的具体涂层设计是:电弧喷涂铝金属涂层十有机封闭涂料涂层十常规舰船面层涂料涂层.     

一种高能点火药吸湿性的研究

在特定恒湿恒温条件下对5个药剂样品进行吸湿试验。由试验结果可以看出,该高能点火药的吸湿与硝酸钾、炭粉和药剂密度有很大关系,同时由于镁粉、铝粉等活泼金属的加入,增强了药剂的吸湿性,从而使药剂在吸湿试验干燥后其剩余增加量较大。     

Evaluation of effectiveness of polymer coatings in reducing blast-induced deformation of steel plates

Incorporating elastomers such as polymers in protective structures to withstand high energetic dynamic loads, has gained significant interest. The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of a Polyurea coating towards the blast-induced response in steel plates. As such, Polyurea coated steel plates were tested under near-field blast loads, produced by the detonation of 1 kg of spherical nitromethane charges, at a standoff distance of 150 mm. Mild steel (XLERPLATE 350) and high-strength steel (BIS80) plates with thicknesses of 10 mm were Polyurea coated with thicknesses of 6 mm and 12 mm on either the front (facing the charge) or the back face. The deformation profiles were measured using 3D scanning. Numerical simulations were performed using the non-linear finite element code LS-DYNA. The strain-dependent behaviour of the steel and Polyurea were represented by Johnson-cook and Money-Rivlin constitutive models, respectively. The numerical models were validated by comparing the plate deflection results obtained from the experiments and were then used in the subsequent parametric study to investigate the optimum thickness of the Polyurea coating. The results indicate that back face coating contributes towards an approximately 20% reduction in the residual deformation as well as the absence of melting of the Polyurea layer, while the front-face coating can be used a means of providing additional standoff distance to the steel plates.     

Preparation of ammonium nitrate-based solid composite propellants supplemented with polyurethane/nitrocellulose blends binder and their thermal decomposition behavior

To improve the performance of solid composite propellants (SCPs) supplemented with ammonium nitrate (AN) as an oxidizer, the incorporation of energetic ingredients such as explosives, energetic binders or catalysts is a common effective approach. For this purpose, polyurethane (PU), a typical inert binder, was mixed with nitrocellulose (NC) as an energetic polymer. Numerous composite solid propellant compositions based on AN and NC-modified polyurethane binder with different NC ratios were prepared. The prepared formulations were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), RAMAN spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron densimetry, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A kinetic study was then performed using the iterative Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (It-KAS), Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (It-FWO), and non-linear Vyazovkin integral with compensation effect (VYA/CE) methods. The theoretical performances, such as theoretical specific impulse, adiabatic flame temperature, and ideal exhaust gaseous species, were also determined using the NASA Lewis Code, Chemical Equilibrium with Application (CEA). Spectroscopic examinations revealed the existence of NC and full polymerization of PU in the prepared propellants. According to density tests, the density of the propellant increases as the nitrocellulose component increases. According to the thermal analysis and kinetics study, the increase in NC content catalyzed the thermal decomposition of the AN-based composite solid propellants. Based on the theoretical study, increasing the amount of NC in the propellant increased the specific impulse and, as a result, the overall performance.     

纤维缠绕复合材料约束球形浮力芯材准静态压缩吸能机制

针对海洋工程平台的防护吸能和浮力储备需求,设计一种纤维缠绕复合材料约束球形浮力芯材吸能结构。为分析其变形损伤特征和能量耗散机理,通过ABAQUS有限元软件和万能材料试验机开展数值模拟分析和试验验证研究。通过力学响应特征和损伤破坏模式分析可知,结构吸能设计的关键在于表层和芯材的泊松比匹配。芯材主要通过塑性压缩损伤和剪切断裂破坏吸收能量,而表层吸能则主要通过环向的花瓣形拉伸断裂破坏。研究表明,该型结构单元压缩吸能特性优异,可实现海洋工程结构平台的防护吸能和浮力储备要求。     

Novel aluminum-based fuel: Facile preparation to improve thermal reactions

To improve the thermal properties of aluminum (Al) in the energetic system, a coated structure with ammonium perchlorate (AP) was prepared by a facile approach. And N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) was chosen as an ideal solvent based on heterogeneous nucleation theory and molecular dynamics simulation. This coated structure could enlarge the contact area and improve the reaction environment to enhance the thermal properties. The addition of AP could accelerate oxidation temperature of Al with around 17.5 °C. And the heat release of 85@15 composition rises to 26.13 kJ/g and the reaction degree is 97.6% with higher peak pressure (254.6 kPa) and rise rate (1.397 MPa/s). An ideal ratio with 15 wt% AP was probed primarily. The high energy laser-induced shockwave experiment was utilized to simulate the reaction behavior in hot field. And the larger activated mixture of coated powder could release more energy to promote the growth of shockwave with higher speed up to 518.7 ± 55.9 m/s. In conclusion, 85@15 composition is expected to be applied in energetic system as a novel metal fuel.     

基片方向对多弧离子镀ZrN涂层性能的影响

采用多弧离子镀在304不锈钢基体表面沉积ZrN涂层。利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、纳米压入仪、电化学分析仪等,比较了基片方向对涂层结构、形貌、成分、沉积速率、硬度以及耐腐蚀性的影响。结果表明：基片方向不同会引起晶体择优取向的改变;垂直于靶材的样品表面大颗粒相对较少,但沉积速率只有平行样品的40％-50％;在负偏压条件下,平行于靶材的样品涂层硬度更高,而垂直样品获得更好的耐腐蚀性。     

偶联剂在固体推进剂填料改性中的应用研究

本文采用硅烷类和钛酸酯类偶联剂对固体推进剂中的硝酸铵填料进行表面改性。改性后的硝酸铵接触角增大,表面张力降低且具有明显的疏水性。并证实偶联剂可以增强填料与粘结体系之间的界面相互作用。     

Optimizing the defensive characteristics of mild steel via the electrodeposition of ZnSi3N4 reinforcing particles

The effect of ZnSi₃N₄ deposition prepared via direct electrolytic co-deposition on mild steel was studied as a result its inherent vulnerability to corrosion in an aggressive environment and failure on the application of load. The experiment was conducted varying the mass concentration of silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) between 7 and 13 g at cell voltage of 0.3 and 0.5 V, at constant temperature of 45 °C. The morphologies of the coated surfaces were characterized using high resolution Nikon Optical Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) revealing that the particles of the ZnSi₃N₄ were homogeneously dispersed. The corrosion behaviour was studied using potentiodynamic polarization technique in 3.65% NaCl solution and the microhardness was examined using Brinell hardness testing technique. The result of the corrosion experiment confirmed an improved corrosion resistance with a reduction in corrosion rate from 9.7425 mm/year to 0.10847 mm/year, maximum coating efficiency of 98.9%, maximum polarization resistance of 1555.3 Ω and a very low current density of 9.33 × 10⁻⁶ A/cm². The negative shift in the E_corr revealed the cathodic protective nature of the coating. The microhardness was also found to have increased from 137.9 HBN for the unmodified steel to a maximum value of 263.3 HBN for the 0.5Zn13Si₃N₄ coated steel representing 90.9% increment in hardness as a result of the matrix grain refining and dispersion-strengthening ability of the incorporated Si₃N₄ particles.     

敷设气囊的充水圆柱壳的声辐射

为降低充水圆柱壳受内部点声源激励时的水下辐射噪声,在其外壳上敷设气囊,形成气囊圆柱壳。为指导气囊圆柱壳的设计,将充水裸圆柱壳和充水气囊圆柱壳分别简化为单、双层无限长隔板。比较隔板、气体与水的波阻抗,分析了气体声速与层厚对双层无限长隔板在平面声波入射时低频声辐射的影响机理。分析表明,声速小的气体和适当的气层厚度可以降低双层障板的辐射噪声。采用声无限元法计算了气囊圆柱壳的水下声辐射,结论与对隔板的机理分析吻合。优化设计出的充水CO2气囊圆柱壳的水下辐射声功率与远场辐射声压明显低于充水裸圆柱壳。     

Improving the damage potential of W-Zr reactive structure material under extreme loading condition

Projectiles made of reactive structure materials(RSM)can damage the target with not only kinetic but also chemical energy,but the enhanced damage potential of RSM may become compromised if extreme loading condition disintegrates the projectile before the target is reached.In this work,a ductile coating of Ni was introduced to a tungsten-zirconium(W-Zr)alloy,a typical brittle RSM,to preserve the damage potential of the projectile.Detonation driving tests were carried out with X-ray photography and gun-powder deflagration driving tests were carried out with high-speed photography for the coated and uncoated RSM samples,respectively.The craters on the witness target were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.The Ni coating was found to effectively preserve the damage potential of the W-Zr alloy under extreme loading conditions,whereas the uncoated sample fractured and ignited before impacting the target in both detonation and deflagration driving.The crack propa-gation between the reactively brittle core and the ductile coating was analyzed based on the crack arrest theory to mechanistically demonstrate how the coating improves the structural integrity and preserves the damage potential of the projectile.Specifically,the Ni coating envelops the W-Zr core until the coated sphere penetrates the target,and the coating is then eroded and worn to release the reactive core for the projectile to damage the target more intensively.     

抗磨添加剂与电弧喷涂耐磨涂层间的协同效应

研究了2种φ2mm粉芯丝材电弧喷涂Fe-Cr-Ni涂层和7Crl3涂层以及与2种典型润滑油抗磨添加剂的协同效应,并借助X光电子能谱(XPS)研究了其协同作用机理.结果表明DBP和ZDDP润滑油抗磨添加剂能明显地改善电弧喷涂Fe-Cr-Ni涂层和7Cr13涂层的抗磨性.添加剂DBP能显著地降低2种电弧喷涂涂层/GCr15摩擦副的摩擦系数,但ZDDP抗磨添加u剂的减摩效果不太显著.在含DBP和ZDDP添加剂油润滑条件下,涂层磨痕表面形成了摩擦化学反应膜.     

高速微粒轰击45钢表面纳米化过程中铁素体相晶粒细化过程分析

利用高速微粒轰击技术在45钢表面制备了纳米晶,利用透射电镜（TEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）等分析技术对距表面不同深度的微观结构进行分析,研究铁素体相晶粒细化过程。结果显示：随着距表面距离的减小结构尺寸逐渐减小,在最表面形成了纳米晶层,平均晶粒尺寸约为15 nm。通过不同尺寸位错胞的逐步形成,以及位错墙不断向晶界演化,晶粒被细化为细小的纳米晶。     

超音速微粒轰击表面纳米化设备研制

超音速微粒轰击是材料表面纳米化的重要手段,性能优异的专用设备是实现这一工艺的前提。为此,采用数值模拟分析的方法研制了超音速微粒轰击喷枪,在距喷枪出口50mm处获得了平均约320m/s的轰击粒子速度;在对机器人选型和控制系统设计的基础上,集成了超音速微粒轰击表面纳米化设备;应用该设备实现了对38CrSi中碳钢的表面纳米化处理,验证了研制设备的性能。     

焊条粘结剂及烘焙温度对药皮吸潮性的影响

通过试验研究了改进水玻璃及焊条烘焙温度对焊条药皮吸潮行为的影响.结果表明,在水玻璃中加入防水剂和/或丙烯酸甲酯,以及水玻璃低碱化处理均能明显提高焊条药皮的耐吸潮性;对于不同类型的水玻璃,通过选择适当的烘焙温度可有效地防止药皮吸潮.     

Deconsolidation and combustion performance of thermally consolidated propellants deterred by multi-layers coating

Both heating and solvent-spray methods are used to consolidate the standard grains of double-base oblate sphere propellants plasticized with triethyleneglycol dinitrate (TEGDN) (TEGDN propellants) to high density propellants. The obtained consolidated propellants are deterred and coated with the slow burning multi-layer coating. The maximum compaction density of deterred and coated consolidated propellants can reach up to 1.39 g/cm³. Their mechanic, deconsolidation and combustion performances are tested by the materials test machine, interrupted burning set-up and closed vessel, respectively. The static compression strength of consolidated propellants deterred by multi-layer coating increases significantly to 18 MPa, indicating that they can be applied in most circumstances of charge service. And the samples are easy to deconsolidate in the interrupted burning test. Furthermore, the closed bomb burning curves of the samples indicate a two-stage combustion phenomenon under the condition of certain thickness of coated multi-layers. After the outer deterred multi-layer coating of consolidated samples is finished burning, the inner consolidated propellants continue to burn and breakup into aggregates and grains. The high burning progressivity can be carefully obtained by the smart control of deconsolidation process and duration of consolidated propellants. The preliminary results of consolidated propellants show that a rapid deconsolidation process at higher deconsolidation pressure is presented in the dynamic vivacity curves of closed bomb test. Higher density and higher macro progressivity of consolidated propellants can be obtained by the techniques in this paper.