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John Arquilla 《Journal of Military Ethics》2013,12(1):80-87
For many years after its introduction in the early 1990s, the cyberwar concept - which outlined a new mode of conflict that would emphasize disruption of information systems and flows - was given little credence. Over the past several years, however, cyberwars of both irregular and somewhat more conventional types have erupted (e.g., see respectively Estonia in 2007 and Georgia in 2008). Global awareness of cyberwar has risen sharply, and many nation-states are preparing their defenses, as well as their capabilities for mounting offensive operations. The American military's declaration in 2011 that cyberspace is a 'warfighting domain' highlights a need to explore the ethical implications and nuances of cyberwar. This article finds that classic jus ad bellum constructs come under great pressure from cyberwar, while jus in bello concerns may prove more manageable. Another key theme is that disproportionate attention is given to the notion of employing cyberwar 'strategically' (i.e., to strike directly at other nations' infrastructures), where its use is less likely to achieve 'victory' and is more problematic ethically. Instead, a focus on the application of cyberwar techniques in battle may lead to shorter, less bloody, 'more ethical' conflicts. 相似文献
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Ron Matthews 《Defence and Peace Economics》2013,24(4):315-338
This paper examines the role of the military in Pakistan, particularly in regard to civil‐military relations and defence industrialisation. Pakistan's military expenditure is relatively high, but apart from investment multipliers, little of this spending filters through to the civil sector. Pakistan's defence‐industrial strategy centres on rebuild and Chinese technological collaboration. However, while this ‘capital‐saving’ approach has merit, the strategy has thus far failed to stimulate broader civil development linkages. A conclusion of this paper is that Pakistan is failing to maximise the strategic dual‐use benefits of integrating civil‐military activity. 相似文献
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Nicholas G. Evans 《The Nonproliferation Review》2013,20(3-4):351-366
ABSTRACTScience and technology (S&T) review is key to anticipating developments in the life sciences that may benefit or run contrary to the aims of the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. It serves as a mechanism for both preparing against novel biological threats and identifying the best opportunities for developing and sharing the life sciences to the fullest extent. In the age of rapidly advancing biotechnology, S&T review needs to be wide ranging, involve a diverse set of inputs, and be transparent about its methods and data. This viewpoint considers four models of S&T review and their capacity to respond to the challenge of the life sciences: standing advisory boards; ad hoc working groups; peer review; and wikis. It then identifies a hybrid model that is suitably broad, diverse, and transparent. 相似文献
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张永刚 《中国人民武装警察部队学院学报》2010,26(6):91-94
比例原则着眼于法益的均衡,要求行政主体在实现行政管理目标的同时,注意维护相对人的权益。作为行政法上控制自由裁量权的一项重要原则,在阐述了比例原则内涵与价值的基础上,针对消防行政执法自由裁量权行使的错位与失范,提出用比例原则进行规范与控制。 相似文献
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建立一类空气标准Dual循环的不可逆模型 ,考虑压缩过程和做功冲程的有限时间特性和循环的摩擦损失对其性能的影响 ,推导出功率、效率与压缩比关系的解析式 .结合数值算例 ,所得的功率效率曲线与实际热机特性相同 相似文献
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张建祥 《装甲兵工程学院学报》1999,(4)
调查了学生在学习大学物理课程中的学习困难及原因,探索了大学物理课程的学习指导规律,提出了改进教学内容、教学方法与手段、课程教学管理以及作业布置的可行性建议,总结了教学效果。 相似文献
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王兴波 《国防科技大学学报》1993,15(2):111-118
本文利用三次Bernstein多项式构造了一种C~1单调保形插值三次样条函数。该方法除计算简单外,还能应用于外形设计中且能灵活地调节外形曲线。 相似文献
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Greg Janzen 《Journal of Military Ethics》2016,15(1):36-57
According to just war theory, a resort to war is justified only if it satisfies the right intention condition. This article offers a critical examination of this condition, defending the thesis that, despite its venerable history as part of the just war tradition, it ought to be jettisoned. When properly understood, it turns out to be an unnecessary element of jus ad bellum, adding nothing essential to our assessments of the justice of armed conflict. 相似文献
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本文通过实验提出了一种双相钢制绳线材的热处理工艺程序,即:奥氏体化及水淬以获得全部马氏体组织→临界间加热淬火以获双相组织并回火→酸洗磷化后多道次连续冷拔至终尺寸→人工时效。按此程序生产的线材σ_b 可达1800MPa 以上,且扭转、弯曲疲劳性能超过标准规定值。 相似文献
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当前,对作战仿真在广度和深度上提出了更高层次的需求,即在扩大仿真规模的同时,更加注重仿真精度的提高。通过分析传统平台级CGF(Computer Generated Forces)模型在满足仿真需求方面的不足,建立了基于战斗岗位的武器平台CGF模型结构,研究了作战过程中影响战斗人员决策与操作行为的主要行为因素及其影响机制,并将其引入到岗位模型。最后,实现了考虑个体行为因素的坦克CGF炮长岗位模型,并对所建立的坦克炮长岗位模型在某作战仿真系统中的应用效果进行了分析。 相似文献
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对运动副的耐磨可靠性方程进行了较深入的讨论,从而可定量的计算产品无故障工作概率或可靠度以及给定允许故障概率下的安全系数.揭示了传统设计中采用安全系数作为衡量产品的工作能力的方法所存在的弊病. 相似文献
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Erin D. Dumbacher 《The Nonproliferation Review》2013,20(3-4):203-222
ABSTRACTAn arms race in cyberspace is underway. US and Western government efforts to control this process have largely been limited to deterrence and norm development. This article examines an alternative policy option: arms control. To gauge whether arms-control models offer useful lessons for addressing cyber capabilities, this article compiles a new dataset of predominantly twentieth-century arms-control agreements. It also evaluates two case studies of negotiated agreements that regulate dual-use technologies, the 1928 Geneva Protocol prohibiting chemical- and biological-weapon use and the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation. The analysis underscores the limits of norm development for emerging technologies with both civilian and military applications. It finds lessons for developing verifiable, international cooperation mechanisms for cyberwarfare in the regulatory model of international aviation. Conventionally, arms-control agreements take advantage of transparent tests or estimates of arms. To restrict cyberwarfare activities, experts and policy makers must adapt arms-control models to a difficult-to-measure technology at an advanced stage of development and use. Further investigation of international regulatory schemes for dual-use technology of similar diffusion and development to the internet, such as international civil aviation, is needed. 相似文献
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给出了发射点、观测所、目标、炸点不在同一水平面内的对岸射击校正量模型 ,完善了对岸射击校正量的处理。建立了更加符合实际射击条件、更为合理的射击校正数学模型。 相似文献
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基于指挥所中指挥作业应用需求,定义了适于指挥所中人机交互的触摸手势;并在对完成触摸手势过程中触摸点相互位置关系进行统计分析的基础上,设计了一套对硬件设备特性依赖较小的多点触摸交互手势识别方法。在一种红外多点触摸交互平台上对整个交互手势的定义与识别进行了实验测试,验证了该交互方法的可靠性、有效性和可扩展性。 相似文献
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黄涛 《武警工程学院学报》2012,(1):54-56
武警部队作为国家武装力量的重要组成部分,职务防卫权有其特殊的性质。从阐述职务防卫与一般正当防卫的区别着手,针对武警行使职务防卫权的客观需求进行分析,并结合当前武警部队行使职务防卫权的现状,对下一步的立法完善提出建议。 相似文献
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刘馝 《装甲兵工程学院学报》1995,(1)
本文讨论了机构可靠性问题,指出机构可靠性主要取决于运动副的约束条件的稳定性.其中,包括运动约束条件和几何形状约束条件的稳定性,这就使机构可靠性研究的着眼点更为明确. 相似文献
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针对通用发控单元的维护需求和共架武器系统的训练需求,设计了通用筒弹模拟系统.该系统通过1553B总线与通用发控单元通信,实现了筒弹功能模拟和筒弹故障模拟.经测试,该系统运行稳定可靠,各项功能满足设计指标. 相似文献
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常规袭击下指挥所生存能力分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在现代战争中,指挥所是作战部队的核心设施,其生存能力对战争进程和战争胜负有着根本性的制约作用,也成为敌方的首要攻击对象。当前,指挥所的生存能力已经成为各级指挥员极其关注的问题。针对指挥所面临的威胁,分析制约其生存能力的因素,找出有效的应对之策,对作好军事斗争准备将有着重要意义。从指挥所可能面临的常规袭击环境出发,探讨了影响指挥所生存能力的因素,建立了各种袭击模式下的生存能力模型,并应用模拟的方法对指挥所生存能力进行了定量分析,并结合定性分析得出了有益的结果。 相似文献