机载雷达目标搜索和跟踪中的坐标系问题

雷达对目标进行搜索和跟踪时,由于雷达的体制、安装方式(运载体还是地面固定位置)、工作方式等的不同,涉及到许多坐标系。结合实际工程问题,对雷达搜索与跟踪中坐标系问题进行了深入探讨。包括坐标系的定义、作用、坐标系转换问题,坐标转换中的误差定量分析,所得出的结论对于雷达对目标进行搜索与跟踪,尤其是对安装于运载体上的雷达坐标系问题有很大的参考价值,并给出了某型直升机载雷达挂飞时的实测姿态数据。     

基于几何解算的飞机三维姿态测量方法

针对单站光测图像,提出一种基于目标形状特征的三维姿态测量方法。在已知飞机外形尺寸、光测设备成像参数以及飞机与光测设备之间距离的情况下,根据飞机参考平面(水平机翼所在平面)与成像平面平行和不平行时成像尺寸的差异,可以估计出飞机参考平面相对于成像平面的位置关系,从而得到飞机相对于摄像坐标系的三维姿态,再通过坐标转换即可得到飞机相对于大地坐标系的三维姿态。该方法充分利用了目标和成像设备的先验知识,避免了复杂的模型匹配过程,具有较好的准确度和实时性,对目标的精确控制和跟踪具有重要意义。     

泛探雷达长时间相参积累目标检测方法研究

泛探雷达利用同时多个接收波束覆盖整个观测空域,可利用长时间相参积累提高动目标检测性能,然而必须解决目标在长积累时间之内出现跨波束、跨距离单元和跨多普勒单元现象带来的积累增益下降问题。在跨波束影响可忽略前提下,研究了基于Keystone变换与Dechirping变换相结合的运动补偿方法,并在此基础上提出了基于Clean思想的多目标检测流程。通过对仿真数据与外场实测数据的处理与分析,验证了本文方法的有效性,可以用于泛探雷达的目标检测。     

基于空间三维欧拉角估计的靶场外弹道数据处理方法研究

针对雷达测试远程飞行试验获取的外弹道数据在转换至炮位发射坐标系过程中,事后数据处理结果落点距离偏差较大的问题,提出了一种基于空间三维欧拉角的弹道数据处理方法,该方法估计雷达发射坐标系旋转至炮位发射坐标系的空间三维欧拉角,对雷达发射坐标系进行三轴方向的旋转,使其与炮位发射坐标系三轴指向在空间上方向一致,然后再进行坐标系平移,得到包含地球曲率因素的炮位发射坐标系数据处理结果。将该弹道数据处理方法得到的弹道落点,以及传统平移处理方法得到的弹道落点与真实落点的距离偏差分布情况进行对比分析,结果表明：基于空间三维欧拉角的数据处理落点偏差更小,落点数据精度更高,平均偏差缩小百分比达48.9%。本研究对于弹体的寻找、销毁与回收具有十分重要意义。     

圆周合成孔径雷达的快速时域成像算法

为实现圆周合成孔径雷达(Circular Synthetic Aperture Radar,CSAR)快速成像,提出一种用于CSAR的快速时域成像算法。该算法通过将CSAR的圆孔径分成若干子孔径,分别对子孔径采用快速因式分解后向投影算法处理,再将各子图像相干插值叠加至同一坐标系下得到成像结果。详细分析算法实现中的坐标转换、误差控制和运算效率等关键问题,并用点目标仿真和实测数据处理结果验证算法的有效性。所研究方法具有成像范围大、计算量小等优点。     

基于滑动窗口的三维机动目标在线Kalman滤波研究

对机动目标的在线跟踪是军民领域中的重要研究课题。基于雷达数据设计了一个实现三维机动目标在线跟踪的模型。首先,针对一类三维机动目标的跟踪模型,利用窗口平滑的方法获得了运动方程噪声的功率谱密度矩阵;其次,通过构造目标的运动方程和观测方程,利用Kalman滤波给出目标的最优估计。数值例子表明,对于高机动目标,该方法能够提供比较好的跟踪效果。     

分布式MIMO数字阵列雷达多目标定位

为了充分发挥相控阵雷达探测波束的方向性和分布式多输入多输出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)雷达空间分集增益和结构增益在目标定位上的优势,提出了一种分布式MIMO数字阵列雷达模型并对其多目标定位方法、搜索复杂度和分辨力进行了研究。建立了分布式MIMO数字阵列雷达的观测模型;依据最大似然估计给出了目标定位的搜索方法并计算了搜索复杂度;并利用模糊函数对分布式MIMO数字阵列雷达的分辨力进行了仿真分析。研究结果表明:与常规分布式MIMO雷达相比,分布式MIMO数字阵列雷达子阵波束的方向性可以降低目标定位时的搜索复杂度,缩小距离和角度联合模糊带的长度;与常规相控阵雷达相比,分布式MIMO数字阵列雷达的结构增益可提高目标分辨力。     

临近空间高超声速目标跟踪制导雷达搜索空域确定模型

针对临近空间高超声速目标跟踪制导雷达的搜索空域划分问题,提出了基于修正球坐标系的搜索空域模型确定方法.在给出预警引导信息在修正球坐标系下的描述形式基础上,建立了静态搜索空域确定模型,并利用目标的速度引导信息,对搜索空域的动态匹配模型进行研究.仿真结果表明,该方法实现了目标高超声速运动条件下,跟踪制导雷达对临近空间高超声速目标的连续高概率覆盖,相应提高了雷达的搜索性能.     

一种改善雷达测距测角精度的窄带补偿方法

多通道间幅相不一致会影响三维成像雷达的成像质量。针对步进频率体制三维成像雷达,分析了系统窄带部分通道间幅相不一致对目标三维(距离、方位角、俯仰角)成像的影响,并提出了一种基于中频注入补偿信号的补偿方法。     

基于Vague集投影及距离的空中目标威胁评估方法

针对已有空中目标威胁评估方法存在的不足,提出一种基于Vague集投影及距离的威胁评估新方法。分析并确定了空中目标威胁因素中的评估指标,给出了评价指标的Vague值表示方法。在此基础上,应用Vague集投影及距离的多属性模糊决策理论,建立了空中目标威胁评估的数学模型,给出了目标威胁的排序方法。最后通过实例分析验证,该方法评估结果准确,对指挥员科学决策具有一定的参考价值。     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Panjwai: a tale of two COINs in Afghanistan

The US Army has two approaches to counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan. One is hard, or combat-focused, and the other is soft, or development-focused. This study examines two US Army task forces deployed to Panjwai District, Afghanistan from 2012 to 2013. CTF 4-9 and 1-38 offer a meaningful comparison because they pursued these contrasting approaches among the same population and against the same enemy at the same time and place. The study compares each unit’s approach and finds that neither approach was successful absent the other. The article concludes by recommending further research into combining the approaches at the operational level.     

线性核时频信号表示及其仿真

根据ｃｈｉｒｐ信号在模糊域的特点,本文提出了线性核时频表示方法。这种方法在提高分辨率、消除交叉项以及抑制噪声等方面都具有较高的性能。理论分析和实验结果都证实了这种方法的有效性     

Forecasting a Hurricane: Israeli and American Estimations of the Khomeini Revolution

The surprising ‘Arab Spring’ raises the question as to what would enable national intelligence to provide high quality warnings prior to the eruption of popular revolutions. This article uses new sources of evidence to trace and explain Israel's success in comparison to US failure at correctly estimating the course of the Iranian Revolution in 1977–79. In explaining this variance, the article shows that it was mainly the result of the intimate acquaintance of Israel's representatives in Iran with the local language, history and culture, as well as the ability to communicate with locals – tools which the Americans completely lacked.     

关于教师继续教育培训模式的思考

继续教育作为终身教育的重要组成部分和基本形式,对教师的发展成长意义重大。继续教育工作开展十多年来,取得了一定的成绩,但还存在不少问题,如学习动机较为被动,管理认识不到位,教学内容陈旧空泛,教学方法呆板机械等。随着课程改革的不断深入,继续教育必须采取相应的改进措施,树立以人为本,服务至上的观点,教学内容的前瞻性与实用性并重,教学人员进行整合,教学方法灵活多样,评价考核规范科学等,以此激活受训教师内在的学习动机,更大程度地提高继续教育培训的实际效果。     

用DirectShow实现网络视频

目前市场上的网络监控技术一般用昂贵的硬件设备来支撑,投资较大。在深入研究微软的DirectX9.0的基础上,提出如何用DirectShow软件技术和普通的数字摄像头来实现网络视频的监控和实现技术,内容涉及通信协议、视频的编码与解码技术、视频的编码格式和COM组件编程技术等,最终的实验结果令人满意,且费用低廉,技术可靠,为在高速局域网内构建视频监控系统提供有效的技术支持。     

Interpreting the Ribchester Helmet

In 1796 a 13-year-old boy playing on wasteland behind his father’s house in Ribchester, Lancashire discovered an assemblage of over 30 Roman artefacts, including a decorated brass helmet. Although partially corroded the Ribchester helmet is a fine example of a first-century AD cavalry sports helmet. This article considers how the interpretation of the helmet has evolved since its discovery. The multi-faceted iconography of the helmet with its mural crown diadem is that of an elite soldier and is paralleled in other examples of cavalry sports helmets of the Ribchester type. The long-neglected imagery on the helmet bowl is reinterpreted and seen not as a haphazard collection of randomly placed combatants but as a highly structured, symmetrical composition specifically designed to be viewed from different directions.     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

Desert insurgency: lessons from the third Tuareg rebellion

This article provides an in-depth examination and analysis of the 2006–2009 Tuareg rebellion in Mali and Niger. It identifies the underlying reasons behind the rebellion, explores contrasting counter-insurgency (COIN) strategies employed by the two governments, and presents some lessons learned. While both COIN approaches ultimately produced similar peace settlements, the article argues that the Malian strategy of reconciliation combined with the selective use of force was far more effective than the Nigerien iron fist approach at limiting the size and scope of the insurgency and producing a more sustainable peace. It concludes by looking at the role of external actors, particularly the United States, and how the failure to internationalize the conflict was actually more beneficial to the local COIN effort, as well as to the longer strategic interests of the United States in the region.