兵败日本海 俄国人对马海战的回顾与反思

1905年5月27日,俄国海军中将罗热斯特文斯基率领俄国太平洋第2分舰队(波罗的海舰队)远征远东,在对马海峡遭遇东乡平八郎海军大将率领的日本联合舰队的伏击。俄国太平洋第2分舰队8艘战列舰中的6艘、3艘岸防铁甲舰中的1艘、9艘巡洋舰中的4艘和全部装甲巡洋舰被     

中国渐进式发展让美很迷茫

面对中国军事实力的增强和外交活动的扩展,美军开始把中国当作假想敌。并提出“空海一体战”和“海上封锁”两大军事战略。就这两大战略进行争论本身固然是件好事,但必须指出的是,当前的争论是围绕着“战略真空”环境展开的。     

高速下的外压式空气轴颈轴承研究

本文基于有限元方法,针对不同的速度参数和离心率,采用一种直接的数字方法来计算多孔外压空气轴颈轴承的性能指标,并把模拟结果同参考资料上一种空气心轴轴颈轴承的计算进行了比较。     

采用空气轴承的大行程快速刀具伺服系统

随着对结构化超精密部件需要的不断增加,出现了加工具有高的表面光洁度以及形状精度的非旋转对称镜片的新技术。根据现有的快速刀具伺服系统,研制出了最大行程为16mm的新型快速刀具伺服系统(图1)。以前的快速刀具伺服系统采用了弹性导向机构,而现在的快速刀具伺服系统则采用了空气轴承,并且用了一个高频直线电机来驱动这个系统。由于采用了一个新的功率放大器,使得这个系统能够最高达到100Hz的频率以及1mm的振动幅度。这篇文章给出了这种新型快速刀具伺服系统的技术细节。     

纳米级精密机械的设计及特性

最近,Queensgate仪器有限公司研制出一系列超精定位机械,它们将Queensgate的压电及纳米级传感器技术融合为具有亚纳米级定位精度能力的多轴定位控制器。在这篇论文中,将介绍和讨论在这些机械的研制中所用到的一些技术,以解释如何获得纳米或亚纳米级水平的计量能力。     

多目标定位新方法

本文研究的重点是开发在胶片图象上进行多目标定位的数学基础和算法。一种具有坚实数学基础的多目标定位的探测器算法已经开发出来。该算法基于这一假设:即图象由分布成分混合组成,源于不同背景和图象中目标区域。采用最大似然估计和迭代群集算法,开发出一种从混合分布状态中分离出其主要成分的探测器算法。掌握了混合的成分,就可根据混合成分的分类和对目标形状、大小的识别进行目标定位。该算法已在一组图象上进行过测试(图象的选择基于预计的困难情况),证实了该算法在噪音和杂波背景中进行多目标定位的能力。     

神经网络最小二乘估计器

Hopfield和Tank证明几种最优化问题能用Hopfield网络快速求解,而Hopfield网络是简单的类似神经元模拟处理机的递推网络。使用Hopfield网络时,目标函数的自变量收敛于超立方体的顶点。因此,它们的应用严格地限于决策最优化问题。在本文中,我们将研究目标函数自变量是实数的问题。基于Hopfield网络的概念,推导了求解最小二乘估计问题的神经网络。用这个网络,目标函数可能收敛于超立方体内的任何点,给出一个具有极大速度的实值解。由于所选择的能量函数的凸状性质,不会出现收敛到局部最小值的问题。我们还介绍了空间迭代搜索方法,以便找到可能存在于空间内任意点的最优解。最后,给出了求解线性系统和参数估计问题的模拟结果。     

Improvement of VIS and IR camouflage properties by impregnating cotton fabric with PVB/IF-WS2

In order to examine the possibility to improve its camouflage properties standard cotton fabric with camouflage print was impregnated with poly(vinyl butyral), PVB and fullerene-like nanoparticles of tungsten disulfide, PVB/IF-WS₂. FTIR analysis excluded any possible chemical interaction of IF-WS₂ with PVB and the fabric. The camouflage behavior of the impregnated fabric has been examined firstly in the VIS part of the spectrum. Diffuse reflection, specular gloss and color coordinates were measured for three different shades (black, brown and dark green). Thermal imaging was applied to examine the camouflage abilities of this impregnation in IR part of the spectrum. The obtained results show that PVB/IF-WS₂ impregnation system induced enhacement of the materials camouflage properties, i.e. that IF-WS₂ have a positive effect on spectrophotometric characteristics of the fabric.     

A platform for initial testing of multiple camouflage patterns

The human visual system is still an important factor in military warfare; military personnel receive training on effective search strategies, and camouflage that can effectively conceal objects and personnel is a key component of a successful integrated survivability strategy. Previous methods of camouflage assessment have, amongst others, used psychophysics to generate distinctiveness metrics. However, the population from which the human observers are drawn is often not well defined, or necessarily appropriate. In this experiment we designed a new platform for testing multiple patterns based on a camouflaged object detection task, and investigate whether trained military observers perform better than civilians. We use a two-alternative forced choice paradigm, with participants searching images of woodland for a replica military helmet displaying Olive Green, Multi Terrain Pattern, US Marine Pattern or, as a conspicuous control, UN Peacekeeper Blue. Our data show that there is no difference in detection performance between the two observer groups but that there are clear differences in the effectiveness of the different helmet colour patterns in a temperate woodland environment. We conclude that when tasks involve very short stimulus presentation times, task-specific training has little effect on the success of target detection and thus this paradigm is particularly suitable for robust estimates of camouflage efficacy.     

艰难的“氢弹决策”

第二次世界大战后,美苏展开了长达40余年的冷战,以核武器为重要标志的军备竞赛,如同“达摩克利斯之剑”,将全世界都笼罩在“第三次世界大战”、“核冬天”的阴影之下。1950年1月,美国总统杜鲁门作出研发氢弹的决定,成为一项在整个冷战期间具有里程碑意义的战略决策。