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While accepting consumer returns has long been proposed as a solution to resolve the consumer valuation uncertainty problem, there are still a sizable portion of retailers who insist on a “no return” policy. In this article, we offer an economic rationale for these seemingly unreasonable strategies in a supply chain context. We demonstrate when and why the retailer may benefit from refusing consumer returns, even though offering consumer returns allows the supply chain to implement the expostmarket segmentation. Granting the retailer the right to refuse consumer returns may sometimes improve supply chain efficiency: it eliminates the manufacturer's attempt to induce inefficient consumer returns and bring the equilibrium back to that in the vertically integrated benchmark. We also find that the refund and the retail price can move in the opposite directions when product reliability varies, and consumer returns have a nontrivial impact on the quality choice. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 62: 686–701, 2015 相似文献
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"双一流"建设为高等教育学科发展提供了机遇和挑战.高校应根据高等教育学科发展的历史和文化,采用不同战略定位和建设路径,紧抓机遇、突出特色、引入竞争机制、服务国家战略,直面高等教育学科独立学科地位的困境、自身发展规律与社会需求逻辑间的权衡等"双一流"建设带来的挑战,通过完善治理体系、加强人才培养、助力智库建设、实现科学评估、释放服务功能等方面把握"双一流"建设中高等教育学科发展的方向,推进中国高等教育学科的内涵式发展. 相似文献
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提出一种基于双幂次组合函数趋近律的新型滑模控制方案。与现有的快速幂次或双幂次趋近律相比,具有更快的收敛速度,同时还保持了全局固定时间收敛特性,收敛时间上界与滑模初值无关。当系统存在有界扰动时,能够使滑模变量在有限时间内收敛到稳态误差界内,同时其稳态误差要小于现有方法的。仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性及理论分析的正确性。 相似文献
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China’s defence expenditure has been growing rapidly along with GDP growth during the past two decades. Meanwhile, the income gap has continued to increase. There are conflicting views regarding whether the defence expenditure is capable of reducing income inequality. Therefore, this paper investigates the existence of any spillover effect of defence expenditure on income inequality, with a special focus on the regional differences among 31 provinces and 7 military regions in China. We extend panel cointegration and the impulse response function by using panel data during the period of 1997–2012. The empirical results show that the defence expenditure has an impact on income inequality, and the effect varies over different regions in China. The defence expenditure has a spillover effect on income inequality in the full sample panel and the southeastern panel. An increase in the defence expenditure does not crowd out social welfare spending due to the high level of economic development and government expenditure. On the contrary, in the northern panel, the effect is opposite because of the unbalanced economic development levels within the panel. Beijing as the capital of China, benefits more from the expansion of defence expenditure thus widening the income gap. In addition, the impulse response analyses further confirm a stronger effect of the defence expenditure on income inequality in the northern and the southeastern panels over a short period. 相似文献
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为提高强背景噪声下频谱分析的特征提取能力,突出所关心的特征谱线,在非线性变换方法的基础上,提出了广义非线性变换方法。对比分析结果表明:广义非线性变换方法将固定的放大阈值改为可变值,提高了该方法实际应用的灵活性和适用性,易于获得最佳的特征谱线增强效果。 相似文献
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