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251.
A change order is frequently initiated by either the supplier or the buyer, especially when the contract is long‐term or when the contractual design is complex. In response to a change order, the buyer can enter a bargaining process to negotiate a new price. If the bargaining fails, she pays a cancellation fee (or penalty) and opens an auction. We call this process the sequential bargaining‐auction (BA). At the time of bargaining, the buyer is uncertain as to whether the bargained price is set to her advantage; indeed, she might, or might not, obtain a better price in the new auction. To overcome these difficulties, we propose a new change‐order‐handling mechanism by which the buyer has an option to change the contractual supplier after bargaining ends with a bargained price. We call this the option mechanism. By this mechanism, the privilege of selling products or services is transferred to a new supplier if the buyer exercises the option. To exercise the option, the buyer pays a prespecified cash payment, which we call the switch price, to the original supplier. If the option is not exercised, the bargained price remains in effect. When a switch price is proposed by the buyer, the supplier decides whether or not to accept it. If the supplier accepts it, the buyer opens an auction. The option is exercised when there is a winner in the auction. This article shows how, under the option mechanism, the optimal switch price and the optimal reserve price are determined. Compared to the sequential BA, both the buyer and the supplier benefit. Additionally, the option mechanism coordinates the supply chain consisting of the two parties. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 62: 248–265, 2015 相似文献
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In this article, we consider a loss‐averse newsvendor with stochastic demand. The newsvendor might procure options when demand is unknown, and decide how many options to execute only after demand is revealed. If the newsvendor reserves too many options, he would incur high reservation costs. Yet reserving too few could result in lost sales. So the newsvendor faces a trade‐off between reservation costs and losing sales. When there are multiple options available, the newsvendor has to consider how many units of each to reserve by studying the trade‐off between flexibility and costs. We show how the newsvendor's loss aversion behavior affects his ordering decision, and propose an efficient algorithm to compute his optimal solution in the general case with n options. We also present examples showing how the newsvendor's ordering strategy changes as loss aversion rises. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 62:46–59, 2015 相似文献
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文章旨在研究网络环境下视频报文的重要性,分析了H264/AVC标准编码形成的视频流在无线信道上传输时,不同丢包率条件下,包含不同报文(包含I、P、B条带的NAL单元)的数据包丢失时对视频质量造成的损伤。视频流按照RFC3984协议经过RTP打包,网络环境使用NS-3仿真器进行模拟,使用基于结构相似性(SSIM)标准质量评价。仿真发现,在相同丢包率条件下,包含不同类型条带的数据包重要性为I、P、B条带依次升高;随着丢包率的增加,不同数据包丢失造成的视频质量下降速度为B、P、I条带的数据包视频质量下降速度依次降低。此结论较之现有的研究更加符合实际情况,为视频传输的不等差错保护以及网络带宽资源分配等问题的研究提供了较为准确、符合实际的依据。 相似文献
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针对某地区防洪救灾中物资的调运问题,利用图论中最短路的知识,根据问题实际,将物资的调运方案分成3个阶段.在每个阶段以费用最小或时间最短为目标.以各单位之间物资的供求平衡为约束,建立了规划模型.通过编程求解,制定了不同情况下物资紧急调运的具体方案,包括用车数量、行车线路、用车时间和费用. 相似文献
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Caroline Kennedy‐Pipe 《战略研究杂志》2013,36(4):32-50
Debates about the relationship between women and the military have become common within Western societies. These debates primarily centre on the issue of the place, fitness and desirability of a female presence within institutions designed for national war making. There are those who claim that equality betwen the sexes demands the full integration of women into national militaries, including in combat roles, others however argue that women are ill‐equipped for the traditional tasks required of ‘warriors’. This article argues that these debates are increasingly irrelevant. Future wars are increasingly less likely to be fought only by clearly defined national combat forces and more likely to be ‘virtual’ wars involving the deployment of Western technologies against militarily inferior opponents. This too is an age in which Western states will be engaged not just in virtual wars but in ‘humanitarian intervention’, peacekeeping, enforcement and postwar reconstruction. This allows, even encourages, a rethinking of traditional notions and debates over the place of women within the military sphere. 相似文献
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K.‐J. Müller 《战略研究杂志》2013,36(2):123-152
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