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21.
A O Adesoji 《African Security Review》2013,22(3):2-3
Abstract From the 1982 Maitatsine Uprising to the 2009 Kala Kato Riot, Nigeria has been bedevilled by ethno-religious uprisings with devastating human and material losses. In almost all these crises the police and the military have featured prominently as agencies tasked with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and suppressing insurrection. While it was not alleged that they precipitated some of these risings perhaps in their attempts to stem or nip them in the bud, they have been accused of escalating the conflict either by their slow and inadequate responses, their partisanship and their arbitrary responses, or by their slackness in managing the crises and their aftermath. However, but for their efforts the security basis of the Nigerian state would have been considerably compromised by religious fundamentalism given the level of preparedness of the groups involved, their resistance and, more importantly, the recurrent nature of the uprisings. This article reflects on the management of ethno-religious uprisings in Nigeria by the police and the military. It considers the nature of the security agencies' involvement in the crises and examines the factors both within the agencies and in the larger Nigerian society which have aided or hindered their effective management of the conflicts. 相似文献
22.
Jofi Joseph 《The Nonproliferation Review》2013,20(2):373-387
Skeptics of the Bush administration have castigated its strong aversion to formal international agreements in responding to the threat of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), citing unilateral actions as the default alternative. Yet this critique misses the growing emergence of a conscious framework guiding the administration's actions: an emphasis on the exercise of national sovereignty and the corollary principle of sovereign responsibility. Rejecting the paradigm of arms control as the answer to WMD proliferation, the current administration instead advocates a toolkit of alternative mechanisms based on the full exercise by individual nation, states of their domestic authorities and rights under international law, acting in their capacities as responsible citizens of the global community. This paper will examine that philosophical approach and its concrete application through the following policies: (1) the Proliferation Security Initiative; (2) enforcement of national laws and regulations as exemplified by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 and the U.S. proposals for consideration by Biological Weapons Convention signatories; and (3) preemptive warfare to disarm the WMD programs of a threatening state. 相似文献
23.
Edward C. O’Dowd 《战略研究杂志》2013,36(6-7):1027-1049
This article explores the nature of the American war in Vietnam in an effort to determine whether it was a response to an indigenous uprising or an external effort by the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) to use a wide array of policies and programs to unite North Vietnam and South Vietnam under the party’s leadership. It argues that, although there initially were elements of the South Vietnamese population that rose against the southern leadership, the CPV gained control of their resistance and relegated it to a secondary role in the CPV war effort. 相似文献
24.
Phillips Payson O’Brien 《战略研究杂志》2019,42(7):971-991
ABSTRACTThe decision by the US government to drop the atomic bombs on Japan is one of the most heavily debated questions in history. This article examines one element of that debate, in many ways the most surprising. That was the different views of the top of the military hierarchy in the USA, the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). The JCS was on the whole more sceptical about using atomic weaponry than the USA’s civilian leadership, for ethical and strategic reasons. As such they were willing to consider very different ways of ending the war. 相似文献
25.
Cian O’Driscoll 《战略研究杂志》2019,42(7):901-919
ABSTRACTThis article examines how scholars of the just war tradition think about the ethical dilemmas that arise in the endgame phase of modern warfare. In particular, it focuses upon their reticence to engage the idiom of ‘victory’. Why, it asks, have scholars been so reluctant to talk about what it means to ‘win’ a just war? It contends that, while just war scholars may have good reason to be sceptical about ‘victory’, engaging it would grant them a more direct view of the critical potentialities, but also the limitations, of just war reasoning. 相似文献
26.
Bol has discussed consequences of the continuity of production correspondences in connection with relations between efficient input and output vectors. Isoquants of continuous production correspondences are used here to extend this work. Simplifications to existing theory are discussed. 相似文献
27.
Using Mills Differential a game value function ?, used in the Kemeny-Morgenstern-Thompson growth model to show the existence of solutions, is discussed. In doing so, several proofs become shorter, in addition known results are seen in a new context. Finally connections between the existence of a so-called economic solution and the differentiability or non-differentiability of function ? are analyzed. 相似文献
28.
Many optimization problems occur in both theory and practice when one has to optimize an objective function while an infinite number of constraints must be satisfied. The aim of this paper in to describe methods of handling such problems numerically in an effective manner. We also indicate a number of applications. 相似文献
29.
This paper considers the classical finite linear transportation Problem (I) and two relaxations, (II) and (III), of it based on papers by Kantorovich and Rubinstein, and Kretschmer. Pseudo-metric type conditions on the cost matrix are given under which Problems (I) and (II) have common optimal value, and a proper subset of these conditions is sufficient for Problems (II) and (III) to have common optimal value. The relationships between the three problems provide a proof of Kantorovich's original characterization of optimal solutions to the standard transportation problem having as many origins as destinations. The result are extended to problems having cost matrices which are nonnegative row-column equivalent. 相似文献
30.