A model for use in the rationing of inventory during lead time

While the traditional solution to the problem of meeting stochastically variable demands for inventory during procurement lead time is through the use of some level of safety stock, several authors have suggested that a decision be made to employ some form of rationing so as to protect certain classes of demands against stockout by restricting issues to other classes. Nahmias and Demmy [10] derived an approximate continuous review model of systems with two demand classes which would permit an inventory manager to calculate the expected fill rates per order cycle for high-priority, low-priority, and total system demands for a variety of parameters. The manager would then choose the rationing policy that most closely approximated his fill-rate objectives. This article describes a periodic review model that permits the manager to establish a discrete time rationing policy during lead time by prescribing a desired service level for high-priority demands. The reserve levels necessary to meet this level of service can then be calculated based upon the assumed probability distributions of high- and low-priority demands over lead time. The derived reserve levels vary with the amount of lead time remaining. Simulation tests of the model indicate they are more effective than the single reserve level policy studied by Nahmias and Demmy.     

On the number of games played in a best of (2n – 1) series

Let p(⩾0.5) denote the probability that team A beats B in a single game. The series continues until either A or B wins n games. Assuming that these games are independent replications, we study some features of the distribution of X_n, the number of games played in the series. It is shown that X_n is unimodal, has an IFRA distribution, and is stochastically decreasing in p. Close approximations to its mode, mean, and variance are given. Finally, it is shown that the maximum-likelihood estimator of p based on X_n is unique.     

Discount pricing policies for inventories subject to declining demand

Until only recently, the mechanism behind determining item price has been ignored and the discount price taken as a given in quantity-discount inventory decision problems. Inventory subject to declining demand further complicates both pricing and replenishment decisions. This article provides the vendor with the means for optimally determining both the discount price and replenishment order frequency for all buyers in the system in an environment of declining demand. In the multiple-buyer case, we provide an efficient algorithm for classifying buyers into homogeneous subgroups to further enhance joint cost savings among all system participants.     

Should we be using cost of capital in calculating holding costs of consumable inventory?

The DOD directs the usage of 10% of item cost as the cost of capital in the calculation of inventory holding costs. This 10% cost is not totally justified and a complete review must be accomplished to bring this factor to a meaningful and more useful value. The current logic supporting a 10% cost of capital results in a continuing perturbation which forces the Air Force to operate in a less than efficient mode when using the economic order quantity for consumable purchases.     

Algorithms for the design of finite-capacity service units

Finite-capacity queues arise naturally in many practical situations, notably in communications and manufacturing engineering. In this article, the matrix formalism of probability distributions of phase type is used to develop fast algorithms to compute various steady-state distributions for the finite-capacity PH/PH/1 queue. This algorithm is an important ingredient in solving nontraditional but significant design problems. Some of these are described as illustrative examples.     

A survey of preventive maintenance models for stochastically deteriorating single-unit systems

A survey of the research done on preventive maintenance is presented. The scope of the present survey is on the research published after the 1976 paper by Pierskalla and Voelker [98]. This article includes optimization models for repair, replacement, and inspection of systems subject to stochastic deterioration. A classification scheme is used that categorizes recent research into inspection models, minimal repair models, shock models, or miscellaneous replacement models.     

基于四阶龙格-库塔公式的火控系统瞄准角修正模型

目前我军装甲突击车辆火控系统的弹道解算模型采用了线性多项式拟合的方法,且应用弹道刚性原理忽略了炮目高低角对射击精度的影响,其射表没有编制大炮目高低角射击时瞄准角的修正量,导致在进行大炮目高低角射击时,首发命中率受到了一定的影响,客观上制约了其火力性能的发挥。对此,利用四阶龙格-库塔公式,建立了对含有炮目高低角的外弹道方程直接进行数值求解的数学模型,得到更为精确的瞄准角,并通过matlab编程计算出瞄准角偏差量,从根本上解决大射角射击时弹道刚性原理产生的误差。     

C4ISR网络安全态势的可拓云理论综合评估方法

为了对C4ISR网络的安全态势进行精确评估,提出了一种基于云理论和可拓学的评估方法。分析了影响C4ISR网络安全态势的评价指标体系,通过主客观综合赋权法确定各评价指标的权系数。在此基础上,利用云理论和可拓学中的基元理论,构建C4ISR网络安全态势的综合评估方法。通过对实例的分析,表明了该方法的可操作性和优越性。