周恩来建设人民海军的理论和实践

周恩来协助毛泽东开创了中国人民海军事业。他高瞻远瞩,为人民海军的创建发展做好顶层设计;他呕心沥血,制定新中国海军建设的战略规划;他事必躬亲,操劳着海军建设方方面面的具体事项;他英明善断,指挥部署人民海军重要战役和重大行动。他对创建和发展年轻的共和国海军,作出了不可磨灭的贡献。周恩来建设人民海军的理论和实践,对今天的海军建设仍具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。     

Does civil war hamper financial development?

We examine how armed conflict effects financial development in a cross-country setting using dynamic panel data analysis in a panel of 66 developing countries for the period 1985–2010. Financial development is measured by M2 as a share of GDP, and credit allocated to private sector by banks as a share of GDP. Our findings suggest that armed conflict has a significant adverse effect on financial development. Simultaneously, the quality of governance is always highly significant and conducive to the financial development. The quality of governance is more salient in determining financial development compared to low- and medium-intensity armed conflict; however, the quality of governance cannot entirely offset the adverse impact of high-intensity armed conflict on financial development.     

Military expenditure and economic growth in Middle Eastern countries and Turkey: a non-linear panel data approach

The economic growth effects of military expenditure have been the subject of a large literature in defence economics. Theories on the economic impacts of military expenditure greatly differ and include arguments that they either enhance economic growth or crowd out productive investments. Empirical literature on defence expenditure and economic growth nexus generally employs linear specifications to investigate the impact of defence expenditures on economic growth. Although it is now well established that many economic variables may have a non-linear data-generating mechanism, it seems that this reality has long been neglected in empirical work on defence–growth nexus. This paper attempts to fill this gap by employing non-linear panel data models to examine the effects of military expenditures on economic growth for Middle Eastern countries and Turkey, for the time period 1988–2012. Results show that the effect of military expenditure on economic growth is nonlinear such that the state of the economy actually determines the effect of the former on the latter. This is important not only in showing asymmetric relationship between these variables but also in revealing the reasons of mixed results of earlier literature.     

Characterizations of the exponential distribution by higher-order gap

Suppose X₁,X₂, ?,X_n is a random sample of size n from a continuous distribution function F(x) and let X_1,n, ≦ X_2,n ≦ ? ≦ X_n,n be the corresponding order statistics. We define the jth-order gap g_i,j as g_i,j = X_i+j,n ? X_i,n, 1 ≦ i < n, 1 ≦ j ≦ n ? i. In this article characterizations of the exponential distribution are given by considering the distributional properties of g_k,n-k, 1 ≦ k ≦ n.     

A specially structured nonlinear integer resource allocation problem

We present an algorithm for solving a specially structured nonlinear integer resource allocation problem. This problem was motivated by a capacity planning study done at a large Health Maintenance Organization in Texas. Specifically, we focus on a class of nonlinear resource allocation problems that involve the minimization of a convex function over one general convex constraint, a set of block diagonal convex constraints, and bounds on the integer variables. The continuous variable problem is also considered. The continuous problem is solved by taking advantage of the structure of the Karush‐Kuhn‐Tucker (KKT) conditions. This method for solving the continuous problem is then incorporated in a branch and bound algorithm to solve the integer problem. Various reoptimization results, multiplier bounding results, and heuristics are used to improve the efficiency of the algorithms. We show how the algorithms can be extended to obtain a globally optimal solution to the nonconvex version of the problem. We further show that the methods can be applied to problems in production planning and financial optimization. Extensive computational testing of the algorithms is reported for a variety of applications on continuous problems with up to 1,000,000 variables and integer problems with up to 1000 variables. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 50: 770–792, 2003.     

An algorithm and new penalties for concave integer minimization over a polyhedron

We present a branch-and-bound algorithm for globally minimizing a concave function over linear constraints and integer variables. Concave cost functions and integer variables arise in many applications, such as production planning, engineering design, and capacity expansion. To reduce the number of subproblems solved during the branch-and-bound search, we also develop a framework for computing new and existing penalties. Computational testing indicates that penalties based on the Tuy cutting plane provide large decreases in solution time for some problems. A combination of Driebeek-Tomlin and Tuy penalties can provide further decreases in solution time. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The survival probability function of a target moving along a straight line in a random field of obscuring elements

A target is moving along a straight-line path. Random portions of the path might be invisible to the hunter (in shadow). Shooting trials are conducted only along the visible segments of the path. An algorithm for the numerical determination of the survival probability of the target is developed. This algorithm is based on the distribution of shadow length, which is also developed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Combination setwise-Bonferroni-type bounds

We consider three classes of lower bounds to P(c) = P (X₁ ≤ c₁,…, X_n ≤ c); Bonferroni-type bounds, product-type bounds and setwise bounds. Setwise probability inequalities are shown to be a compromise between product-type and Bonferroni-type probability inequalities. Bonferroni-type inequalities always hold. Product-type inequalities require positive dependence conditions, but are superior to the Bonferroni-type and setwise bounds when these conditions are satisfied. Setwise inequalities require less stringent positive dependence bound conditions than the product-type bounds. Neither setwise nor Bonferroni-type bounds dominate the other. Optimized setwise bounds are developed. Results pertaining to the nesting of setwise bounds are obtained. Combination setwise-Bonferroni-type bounds are developed in which high dimensional setwise bounds are applied and second and third order Bonferroni-type bounds are applied within each subvector of the setwise bounds. These new combination bounds, which are applicable for associated random variables, are shown to be superior to Bonferroni-type and setwise bounds for moving averages and runs probabilities. Recently proposed upper bounds to P(c) are reviewed. The lower and upper bounds are tabulated for various classes of multivariate normal distributions with banded covariance matrices. The bounds are shown to be surprisingly accurate and are much easier to compute than the inclusion-exclusion bounds. A strategy for employing the bounds is developed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Longitudinal manpower planning models

A manpower planning model is presented that exploits the longitudinal stability of manpower cohorts. The manpower planning process is described. An infinite horizon linear program for calculating minimum cost manpower input plans is presented and found to have a straightforward solution in a great many cases and to yield an easily implemented approximation technique in other cases.