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581.
This article analyzes the political utility of US drone strikes theoretically and deductively. Placing strikes within the context of the theorized political functions of force and considering how they fit into two grand strategies, restraint and selective engagement, I argue that these strikes buy the United States relatively little in the way of political effects assuring its own security because the terrorism threat they are intended to combat is a limited one within the skein of US global interests. Furthermore, their contribution to counter-terrorism efforts is likely to diminish with the adoption of armed drones by non-state actors. Drone strikes can, however, provide leverage over recalcitrant US client states while reassuring liberal partners and giving them some leverage over US choices. In addition, within the counter-terrorism sphere, drone strikes are less likely to inflame popular opinion than are alternative uses of force. This analysis contributes to an increasingly rigorous examination of the strikes’ role in US foreign and security policy.  相似文献   
582.
This paper examines the institutional and functional aspects of the Taliban’s Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (IEA). The Taliban’s coercive approach and its entire reliance on “war-making” to “state-making” shows the difficulty of the transformation of an insurgent group into a state structure. The Taliban was primarily capable of establishing a two-track system of governance. However, the assessment of the IEA’s institutional and functional capabilities shows that the military–political organization formed by the Taliban lacked statehood in all three areas of legitimacy, authority and capacity.  相似文献   
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The last decade has seen several advances in the study of deterrence. These advances have sparked some strong disagreements regarding interpretation of the models and what their contributions signify. This paper appraises the discussions from a model theoretic perspective. It is argued that when comparing rivalling models three aspects; (i) target, (ii) criteria and (iii) type of purpose should be taken into account in order to make a proper appraisal. Informed by these aspects it is evident that the three deterrence models analysed address different aspects, in different ways and to different ends. From this perspective, the so-called Perfect Deterrence model must be recognised as a clear advancement in the research field. Model comparison will always be context relative and a plurality of models should be viewed favourably.  相似文献   
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The Akko 1 shipwreck is the remains of a 26-metre-long Egyptian armed vessel or auxiliary naval brig built at the beginning of the 19th century. Remains of six flintlock muskets were retrieved from the shipwreck, and characterised by various metallurgical methods. The research aimed to study the composition and microstructure of the musket fittings and their manufacturing processes, and if possible, to determine the date and origin of the raw materials. The lead isotope analysis of the fittings suggests that their raw material originated in Great Britain. Based on their typology and composition, the fittings were made in Great Britain of brass alloy and manufactured by casting, probably at the same workshop; and the staple was manufactured by casting and drawing. Considering the zinc content, combined with the manufacturing techniques, the fittings were manufactured between the latter part of the 18th and the early 19th centuries, which might indicate that they were purchased in the course of 19th century weapons trade to be used on board the Egyptian ship.  相似文献   
588.
In this article we present a novel technique for deriving the convex envelope of certain nonconvex fixed-charge functions of the type that arise in several related applications that have been considered in the literature. One common attribute of these problems is that they involve choosing levels for the undertaking of several activities. Two or more activities share a common resource, and a fixed charge is incurred when any of these activities is undertaken at a positive level. We consider nonconvex programming formulations for these problems in which the fixed charges are expressed in the form of concave functions. With the use of the developed convex envelope results, we show that the convex envelope relaxations of the nonconvex formulations lead to the linear programming relaxations of the strong IP/MIP formulations of these problems. Moreover, our technique for deriving convex envelopes offers a useful construct that could be exploited in other related contexts as well. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   
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In this article, we consider a situation in which a group of facilities need to be constructed in order to serve a given set of customers. However, the facilities cannot guarantee an absolute coverage to any of the customers. Hence, we formulate this problem as one of maximizing the total service reliability of the system subject to a budgetary constraint. For this problem, we develop and test suitable branch-and-bound algorithms and study the effect of problem parameters on solution difficulty. Some generalizations of this problem are also mentioned as possible extensions.  相似文献   
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