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351.
In this article we develop a class of general knapsack problems which are hard for branch and bound algorithms. The number of alternate optimal solutions for these problems grows exponentially with problem parameters. In addition the LP bound is shown to be ineffective. Computational tests indicate that these problems are truly difficult for even very small problems. Implications for the testing of algorithms using randomly generated problems is discussed. 相似文献
352.
We consider a generalized minmax programming problem, and establish, under certain weaker convexity assumptions, the Fritz John sufficient optimality conditions for such a problem. A dual program is introduced and using those optimality conditions duality theorems are proved relating the dual and the primal. Duality for the generalized fractional programming problem is considered as an application of the results proved. 相似文献
353.
S. Andrew Starbird 《海军后勤学研究》1997,44(6):515-530
Acceptance sampling is often used to monitor the quality of raw materials and components when product testing is destructive, time-consuming, or expensive. In this paper we consider the effect of a buyer-imposed acceptance sampling policy on the optimal batch size and optimal quality level delivered by an expected cost minimizing supplier. We define quality as the supplier's process capability, i.e., the probability that a unit conforms to all product specifications, and we assume that unit cost is an increasing function of the quality level. We also assume that the supplier faces a known and constant “pass-through” cost, i.e., a fixed cost per defective unit passed on to the buyer. We show that the acceptance sampling plan has a significant impact on the supplier's optimal quality level, and we derive the conditions under which zero defects (100% conformance) is the policy that minimizes the supplier's expected annual cost. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 44: 515–530, 1997 相似文献
354.
Mark S. Bell 《战略研究杂志》2019,42(1):3-28
How do states use nuclear weapons to achieve their goals in international politics? Nuclear weapons can influence state decisions about a range of strategic choices relating to military aggression, the scope of foreign policy objectives, and relations with allies. The article offers a theory to explain why emerging nuclear powers use nuclear weapons to facilitate different foreign policies: becoming more or less aggressive; providing additional support to allies or proxies, seeking independence from allies; or expanding the state’s goals in international politics. I argue that a state’s choices depend on the presence of severe territorial threats or an ongoing war, the presence of allies that provide for the state’s security, and whether the state is increasing in relative power. The conclusion discusses implications of the argument for our understanding of nuclear weapons and the history of proliferation, and nonproliferation policy today. 相似文献
355.
David S. Sorenson 《Defense & Security Analysis》2019,35(1):23-39
Despite multiple base closing rounds, the United States Department of Defense still has excess base capacity, and thus President Trump and high-level Defense Department officials are calling for more base closure through the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) process. However, another BRAC may not be the optimal solution, because simple base closure is not an efficient way to reduce surplus base capacity. Thus, Defense Department officials should consider other methods to reduce surplus capacity, including reduction in base size, leasing excess base property, or transferring it to another government agency for a variety of alternative uses. The surplus capacity issue also offers an opportunity to DOD to reassess base utilization, to update base requirements with current and future force structure. While BRAC focuses on American military bases, the process and alternatives also have international applications. 相似文献
356.
We consider a two‐level system in which a warehouse manages the inventories of multiple retailers. Each retailer employs an order‐up‐to level inventory policy over T periods and faces an external demand which is dynamic and known. A retailer's inventory should be raised to its maximum limit when replenished. The problem is to jointly decide on replenishment times and quantities of warehouse and retailers so as to minimize the total costs in the system. Unlike the case in the single level lot‐sizing problem, we cannot assume that the initial inventory will be zero without loss of generality. We propose a strong mixed integer program formulation for the problem with zero and nonzero initial inventories at the warehouse. The strong formulation for the zero initial inventory case has only T binary variables and represents the convex hull of the feasible region of the problem when there is only one retailer. Computational results with a state‐of‐the art solver reveal that our formulations are very effective in solving large‐size instances to optimality. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010 相似文献
357.
358.
灰色-马尔科夫模型在机场道面使用性能预测中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
介绍利用灰色-马尔科夫模型对机场道面使用性能进行预测的基本方法和具体步骤,并给出了工程实例.应用分析表明,该方法能够充分利用机场道面使用中各段历史数据,较好地对机场道面使用性能进行预测,且预测结果比单纯的灰色模型有更高的精度. 相似文献
359.
An economic sequential screening procedure is considered for limited failure populations in which defective items fail soon after they are put in operation and nondefective ones never fail during the technical life of the items. A cost model is constructed that involves screening test cost and external failure cost. A sequential scheme that minimizes the expected cost is derived from the solution of a dynamic programming formulation and the optimal decision at each stage is obtained in a closed form. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
360.
Timothy S. Vaughan 《海军后勤学研究》1994,41(5):635-651
This article examines the applicability of acceptance sampling and the effectiveness of Deming's kp rule in relation to the degree of process stability achieved through statistical process control techniques. A discrete-event simulation model is used to characterize the correlation between the number of defective units in a randomly drawn sample versus in the remainder of a lot, in response to a number of system and control chart parameters. The model reveals that such correlation is typically present when special causes of variation affect the production process from time to time, even though the process is tightly monitored through statistical process control. Comparison of these results to an analogous mixed binomial scenario reveals that the mixed binomial model overstates the correlation in question if the state of the process is not necessarily constant during lot production. A generalization of the kp analysis is presented that incorporates the possibility of dependence between a sample and the unsampled portion of the lot. This analysis demonstrates that acceptance sampling is generally ineffective for lots generated by a process subject to statistical process control, despite the fact that the number of defectives in the sample and in the remainder of the lot are not strictly independent. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献