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131.
Jayaram K. Sankaran 《海军后勤学研究》1995,42(5):821-837
We address the issue of short-term retrenchment planning required of organizations that are phasing down their manpower levels at rates faster than are allowed by natural attrition. Specifically, the problem we study is as follows: given the initial and target grade populations in a hierarchical manpower system at the end of a finite time horizon and the per-period rate of natural attrition for each grade, find a stationary manpower policy that minimizes the maximum per-period rate of retrenchment across all the grades over all stationary policies that yield the target grade populations at the end of the horizon. Because the problem is a nonconvex, nonseparable, nonlinear program, we develop a heuristic in which the promotion proportions of all the grades are successively fixed, starting from the lowest grade. We prove optimality of the heuristic policy in three nontrivial situations. In a computational experiment, in 135 out of 150 randomly generated instances (i.e., in 90% of the cases), the heuristic yielded a solution that was as good or better than that yielded by a benchmark computer program that solves the present problem as a nonlinear program. Further, the average computational time under the heuristic was an order of magnitude less than that under the program. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
132.
K. D. Glazebrook 《海军后勤学研究》1995,42(6):993-1005
A general class of single machine stochastic scheduling problems incorporating precedence constraints is modelled as a family of competing Markov decision processes. A bound on the optimal return yields a suboptimality bound for permutation policies. This in turn leads to a generalised “used better than new” principle as a (highly intuitive) sufficient condition for the optimality of a permutation policy in the class of all (preemptive) policies. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
133.
An important phenomenon often observed in supply chain management, known as the bullwhip effect, implies that demand variability increases as one moves up the supply chain, i.e., as one moves away from customer demand. In this paper we quantify this effect for simple, two‐stage, supply chains consisting of a single retailer and a single manufacturer. We demonstrate that the use of an exponential smoothing forecast by the retailer can cause the bullwhip effect and contrast these results with the increase in variability due to the use of a moving average forecast. We consider two types of demand processes, a correlated demand process and a demand process with a linear trend. We then discuss several important managerial insights that can be drawn from this research. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 47: 269–286, 2000 相似文献
134.
Many mathematical models have been formulated to describe combat between two weapon systems. However, until recently duel models did not explicitly represent target detection within a duel, leading to the necessity for the development of new model for each tactical situation. An earlier article by two of the authors described a duel between weapons with constant firing times and explicit modeling of detection. This article enhances the study of this form of duel between weapons by introducing a variable parameter for firing times. This enhancement removes the discontinuities evident during parametric analysis of the earlier model and hence provides a more coherent model of this combat situation. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
135.
We consider the problem of deciding whether to keep a piece of equipment or replace it with a more advanced technology in an environment of technological change. Our model assumes that the costs associated with the presently available technology and future technologies are known, but that the appearance times of future technologies are uncertain. We develop a procedure for computing the optimal keep-or-replace decision that iteratively incorporates a technological forecast. For a certain class of situations, we show that our approach requires the minimum possible amount of forecasted data. 相似文献
136.
A large number of multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) models have evolved over the past decade. This field now seems to have reached a stage of maturity. However, the managerial community has not yet extensively adopted these models in solving practical decision problems. The present article focuses on integrating the MCDM models within the decision support system (DSS) framework to encourage greater use of these models. A DSS framework and the criteria used for the choice of a model is discussed. Based on these criteria MCDM models generally used in the marketing field are evaluated. The possibility of using a mixture of MCDM models within the DSS framework is also explored. Following this, the role of the MCDM models in DSS is delineated. It is argued that, within the problem-solving process, the confluence of MCDM models and DSS plays a vital role in developing high-quality solutions. 相似文献
137.
In this article is studied a stochastic linear fractional programming problem, in which the parameters of both the numerator and the denominator are assumed to be mutually independent Cauchy variates. The deterministic equivalent of the problem is obtained and is shown to be a linear fractional program. A numerical example is also added for illustration. 相似文献
138.
The problem of estimation of the common scale parameter of two Pareto distributions with unknown and unequal shape parameters in censored samples is considered. The uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator (UMVUE) is given along with the UMVUE of its variance. 相似文献
139.
In this paper we consider an inventory model in which the retailer does not know the exact distribution of demand and thus must use some observed demand data to forecast demand. We present an extension of the basic newsvendor model that allows us to quantify the value of the observed demand data and the impact of suboptimal forecasting on the expected costs at the retailer. We demonstrate the approach through an example in which the retailer employs a commonly used forecasting technique, exponential smoothing. The model is also used to quantify the value of information and information sharing for a decoupled supply chain in which both the retailer and the manufacturer must forecast demand. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 50: 388–411, 2003 相似文献
140.
We study a selling practice that we refer to as locational tying (LT), which seems to be gaining wide popularity among retailers. Under this strategy, a retailer “locationally ties” two complementary items that we denote by “primary” and “secondary.” The retailer sells the primary item in an appropriate “department” of his or her store. To stimulate demand, the secondary item is offered in the primary item's department, where it is displayed in very close proximity to the primary item. We consider two variations of LT: In the multilocation tying strategy (LT‐M), the secondary item is offered in its appropriate department in addition to the primary item's department, whereas in the single‐location tying strategy (LT‐S), it is offered only in the primary item's location. We compare these LT strategies to the traditional independent components (IC) strategy, in which the two items are sold independently (each in its own department), but the pricing/inventory decisions can be centralized (IC‐C) or decentralized (IC‐D). Assuming ample inventory, we compare and provide a ranking of the optimal prices of the four strategies. The main insight from this comparison is that relative to IC‐D, LT decreases the price of the primary item and adjusts the price of the secondary item up or down depending on its popularity in the primary item's department. We also perform a comparative statics analysis on the effect of demand and cost parameters on the optimal prices of various strategies, and identify the conditions that favor one strategy over others in terms of profitability. Then we study inventory decisions in LT under exogenous pricing by developing a model that accounts for the effect of the primary item's stock‐outs on the secondary item's demand. We find that, relative to IC‐D, LT increases the inventory level of the primary item. We also link the profitability of different strategies to the trade‐off between the increase in demand volume of the secondary item as a result of LT and the potential increase in inventory costs due to decentralizing the inventory of the secondary item. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2009 相似文献