【专题】登陆破障装备技术发展应用述评

登陆破障行动是联合登陆战斗中各军兵种破障力量在敌预先设置和临机设置的各种障碍物中开辟通路的行动,也是确保登陆兵突击上陆和向纵深发展进攻的前提和关键。进入21世纪,随着高新技术的不断发展,传统的破障装备和手段已经不能适应新的战场,各种新式障碍相继出现,对登陆部队的破障能力提出更高要求,破障装备体系化、破障手段精确化以及破障过程无人化成为未来破障技术的重要发展方向。本文首先简要介绍了当前世界主流的破障装备和手段,并论述了其局限性,如破障效率低、人员和弹药消耗量大以及容易形成二次障碍等,然后从破障装备体系化、破障手段精确化和破障过程无人能化三个方面对未来破障装备技术发展趋势进行了展望。     

An eikonal equation based path planning method using polygon decomposition and curve evolution

Path planning is a key technique of autonomous navigation for robots, and the velocity field is an important part. Constructing velocity field in a complex workspace is still challenging. In this paper, an inner normal guided segmentation algorithm in a complex polygon is proposed to decompose the complex workspace in this paper. The artificial potential field model based on probability theory is then used to calculate the potential field of the decomposed workspace, and the velocity field is obtained by utilizing the potential field of this workspace. Path optimization is implemented by curve evolution, during which the internal force generated in the smoothing process of the initial path by a mean filter and the external force is obtained from the gradient of the workspace potential field. The parameter selection principle is deduced by analyzing the influence of several parameters on the path length and smoothness. Simulation results show that the designed polygon decomposition algorithm can effectively segment complex workspace and that the path optimization algorithm can shorten and smoothen paths.     

Strategy in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

ABSTRACT

We argue that Artificial Intelligence (AI) will, in the very near future, have a profound impact on the conduct of strategy and will be disruptive of existing power balances. To do so, we review the psychological foundations of strategy and explore the ways in which AI will impact human decision-making. We then review current and evolving capabilities in ‘narrow’, modular AI that is optimised to perform in a particular environment, and explore its military potential. Lastly, we look ahead to the more distant prospect of a general AI.     

具有多重置条件的目标二次航迹归一

针对防空Ｃ￣３Ｉ系统指挥中心的二次航迹归一。提出了具有重置条件的人工神经网络模型来解决空中目标二次航迹的归一问题。结果表明,采用新方法来进行二次航迹归一,具备速度快、计算量小、实时性好,且能保证较高的辨识正确率等优点。     

动态目标的Field D~*算法及路径的提取计算

FieldD*算法计算的路径消耗较优并较为平滑,但该方法的计算量很大,尤其是在对动态目标的规划时,计算时间无法满足实际要求。针对该缺陷,在对FieldD*计算原理分析的基础上,提出了在目标是动态的情况下,只进行前目标与新目标的路径规划,并对FieldD*计算所得路径消耗只进行局部修改的动态规划算法,该动态算法可以有效减少计算量。将得到的路径消耗值应用到路径的提取算法中,路径提取算法针对路径消耗的不同情况下,提出不同的路径提取方法,并最终得出总体路径消耗最优的路径。在以栅格法建立的数字海图中进行仿真验证,该动态计算和路径提取算法与D*算法相比,计算所得的路径更为平滑,路径的总体消耗也更少,缺点是所需计算时间略长。     

How viable is international arms control for military artificial intelligence? Three lessons from nuclear weapons

Many observers anticipate “arms races” between states seeking to deploy artificial intelligence (AI) in diverse military applications, some of which raise concerns on ethical and legal grounds, or from the perspective of strategic stability or accident risk. How viable are arms control regimes for military AI? This article draws a parallel with the experience in controlling nuclear weapons, to examine the opportunities and pitfalls of efforts to prevent, channel, or contain the militarization of AI. It applies three analytical lenses to argue that (1) norm institutionalization can counter or slow proliferation; (2) organized “epistemic communities” of experts can effectively catalyze arms control; (3) many military AI applications will remain susceptible to “normal accidents,” such that assurances of “meaningful human control” are largely inadequate. I conclude that while there are key differences, understanding these lessons remains essential to those seeking to pursue or study the next chapter in global arms control.     

脑与认知技术发展综述

脑与认知是利用神经形态计算来模拟生物大脑处理信息的过程,被认为是探究甚至实现人工智能的最直接技术路线,而且可以为人工神经网络研究提供基础导向,因为人类和动物"先天"的结构对其技能和习性有着决定性作用。对近期脑与认知的相关研究与成果进行了综合评述,并对未来发展趋势进行了展望。综述表明,类脑仿生研究与应用改进了人工智能系统,重建复杂的大脑皮层神经网与回路是当前研究重点;脉冲神经网络被认为是目前深度神经网络的"继承者";脑机接口技术发展呈现非侵入式趋势,面向语言障碍病患实现语音合成的脑机接口技术成为近期新兴研究方向。     

故障诊断技术方法综述及展望

机械的控制系统发生故障对整个机械设备发生故障有很大影响,而且控制系统中应用的故障诊断方法与机械设备状态监测所应用的故障诊断方法相类似。因此,作者对故障诊断技术目前的状况进行了分析和总结,重点讨论了故障诊断技术在上述两个方面应用的主要方法,并加以比较,提出了在这一领域中值得进一步研究的一些问题和将来的发展方向。     

类V型微裂纹漏磁场数学模型

在磁荷偶极子理论基础上,对类V型微裂纹的泄漏磁场与微裂纹几何尺寸之间的关系进行了分析,建立了微裂纹宽度、微裂纹深度与泄漏场法向分量的数理模型。实验证明该数学模型具有较高的精度,为定量分析微裂纹信号打下了基础。     

基于BP人工神经网络的GPS/SINS组合导航算法

基于扩展Kalman滤波的GPS/SINS组合导航算法,需要对原始的非线性连续系统模型进行线性化和离散化处理,要求系统噪声和测量噪声为零均值的高斯白噪声,且易于出现滤波器发散。BP人工神经网络无需对所求解的问题建模,能够很好地逼近系统非线性特性,获得较高精度的导航定位信息;还具有计算过程稳定,不涉及矩阵求逆,不需要迭代逼近,以及容易实现并行处理等优点。设计适用于GPS/SINS组合导航系统的BP网络模型,并在标准的BP算法基础上,采用共轭梯度法改进网络训练速度及精度。最后,通过仿真算例说明BP网络方法用于GPS/SINS组合导航计算的可行性。