Shifting power,preventive logic,and the response of the target: Germany,Russia, and the First World War

If a declining state has incentives for preventive war, the rising state should have incentives to delay a confrontation until it is stronger. We develop the theoretical paradox and examine the July 1914 crisis. Why did Russia, rising relative to Germany, not adopt a buying-time strategy? We argue that although most Russian leaders hoped to avoid a confrontation, they feared that the failure to support Serbia would lead to a loss of Russian credibility and a significant setback to Russia’s position in the Balkans, one that could not easily be reversed, even with Russia’s expected increase in relative military power.     

Israel’s relations with the Gulf states: Toward the emergence of a tacit security regime?

By drawing on the literature about security regimes, this article posits the idea that a particular type of regime, which can be termed a “tacit security regime” (TSR), has begun to emerge between Israel, on the one hand, and several Gulf Arab states, on the other. It is a regime which, unlike liberal institutional variants that attempt to privilege the promotion of collective norms, remains configured around perceptions of threats to be countered and strategic interests to be realized. By examining the development, scope, and scale of this nascent TSR, this article explores the extent to which Israel, mindful of Washington, DC’s regional retrenchment, sees the emergence of such a regime as redefining the political and strategic contours of Israel’s relations with much of the Middle East.     

GPS和类GPS测距技术联合用于双星编队星座的状态确定

编队卫星状态的高精度确定是编队星座功能实现的重要基础。针对对地观测的双星编队星座的状态确定问题,为了提高状态确定的精度,在GPS技术的基础上,引入了类GPS测距技术,建立了联合GPS和类GPS测距技术进行状态整体确定的两种数学模型,并讨论了GPS星间单差模糊度和类GPS星内单差模糊度的同时初始化方法,最后进行了数值仿真。仿真结果显示,类GPS观测值尤其是类GPS星内载波单差观测值的引入,明显提高了双星编队星座的状态确定精度,其中绝对姿态角的精度达到rad,相对位置的精度达到m,相对钟差的精度达到s。仿真证明方法正确有效,模型二更优于模型一。     

可靠度评价在建筑防火设计中的应用

提出在建筑结构耐火设计及火灾后建筑物修复设计中进行可靠度理论应用的必要性、可行性与优越性 ,旨在为建筑结构在火灾过程中及灾后的安全性评估提供新的研究思路。     

基于纯纠缠态的量子安全直接通信协议

基于纯纠缠态,提出一种量子安全直接通信协议.通信方利用decoy光子来检测窃听.在保证量子信道的安全后,发送方通过控制非操作和von Neumarm测量将秘密消息编码在纯纠缠态上并发送给接收方.由于所有的纯纠缠态都用于传输秘密消息,该协议具有较高的量子比特效率.就实验的可行性来说,该协议可以用当前的技术实现.此外,该协议在噪声量子信道中也是安全的.     

Was World War Two a Completely Just War?

ABSTRACT

According to Brian Orend’s binary political model, minimally just states possess a robust set of moral rights, while other states essentially exist in a moral vacuum in which they possess no moral rights. I argue that a more plausible comparative model would allow for a state to acquire (or lose) discrete moral rights as it improves (or damages) its moral record. This would generate a more accurate portrayal of both domestic policy within states and military conflict between states; including, in particular, the role of the Allied forces during World War Two.     

The future challenges of NATO: An economic viewpoint

This article identifies and evaluates likely challenges facing NATO today and into the next millennium. These contingencies include ethnic‐based civil wars in Europe, transnational terrorism, rogue states, increased world income inequality, out‐of‐area conflicts, and environmental and resource security. Using concepts and tools from collective action, I assess these challenges and suggest effective policies for addressing them. NATO still has a crucial role to play in maintaining world security in the post‐Cold War era.     

基于Bell态与Two-qutrit态无信息泄漏的量子对话协议

基于Einistein-Podolsky-Rosen纠缠对与量子安全直接通信(QSDC),提出了一个新的基于Bell态的量子对话协议.通信双方Alice和Bob只需要进行一次通信即可实现双方之间秘密的同时交换.该方案利用一个随机比特串和检测光子来实现安全性,能够抵抗截获/重放攻击、特洛伊木马攻击和纠缠攻击等典型攻击.很多近期提出的协议中存在严重的信息泄漏,也就是说任何窃听者都可以从合法通信者的公开声明中提取到部分秘密信息,我们的方案很好地克服了这一问题.协议的效率较高,可以达到66.7％,同时由于纠缠态粒子只需要进行一次传输,该方案更简单易行.将该协议推广到two-qutrit态,其安全性仍能得到保证.     

f 壳层耦合态的完全分类与准旋标量算符本征值

本文用二次量子化方法,对l壳层引进准旋、自旋、轨道为(1/2,1/2,l)阶不可约张量的产生-湮灭算符b_(qsm)~(1/2 1/2 t),由4个这种算符按下式耦合成准旋、自旋、轨道标量算符, (?)Y (K_1,k_2,k_3) 与准旋、自旋、轨道算符对易,可用于对耦合态进一步分类。利用Y(k_1,k_2,k_3)与准旋、自旋、轨道算符的适当结合,本文给出了对f壳层完全分类的算符(组),给出了与G.Racah对f壳层分类一致的算符组。