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171.
Fred Wehling 《The Nonproliferation Review》2013,20(2):313-325
International law clearly requires an imminent threat of attack as a justification for the preemptive use of military force. However, the standard definition of an imminent threat was derived centuries before the development of nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons or ballistic missiles and other delivery systems that can reach their targets in a matter of minutes. Any use of force to alleviate threats posed by weapons of mass destruction (WMD) prior to tactical warning of the actual launch of such weapons falls into the legally and ethically controversial category of “anticipatory self-defense,” leaving decision makers potentially liable to prosecution for war crimes. Effective and ethical enforcement of nonproliferation therefore demands a standard for imminence of threat broad enough to allow military action as a last resort but sufficiently restrictive to prohibit indiscriminate action against suspected WMD programs. Following a critical review of selected literature and cases on preemption, the author proposes a new standard for preemptive military action: the existence of operational WMD, or a clandestine program to develop WMD, in contravention of international law. The author discusses the implications of this new proposed standard, which at the time of writing would permit preemptive attack against WMD-armed terrorist groups but prohibit it against all states except Iran and possibly North Korea. 相似文献
172.
CHARLES GOREDEMA 《African Security Review》2013,22(3):78-89
This essay explores the obligations arising from the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, signed in Palermo, Italy at the end of 2000. It also discusses the initiatives required to prepare the legal system and related infrastructure of Zimbabwe for its implementation. Zimbabwe joined more than 120 other countries in signing the Palermo convention, but has not yet ratified it. The ratification would enshrine the latest initiatives to develop effective strategies against transnational organised crime. The Palermo convention makes demands on the laws and institutions of states parties which could enhance their capacity to confront organised crime. Ratification signifies competence to implement the prescribed obligations, which can only occur after introducing suitable domestic laws, and adopting the necessary administrative mechanisms. The required reforms are bound to have certain policy and legislative implications for Zimbabwe. Regional initiatives complementary to the Palermo convention are expected to catalyse positive changes in Zimbabwe's response mechanisms. 相似文献
173.
HENNIE VAN VUUREN 《African Security Review》2013,22(3):67-75
Bribery undermines human development and a transition to stable democratic rule. It props up illegitimate regimes as corporations bid for contracts by bribing, in a seeming race to the bottom. The world's wealthy are slowly waking up to this and criminalising this scandalous practice of bribing foreign public officials. However, such measures, if enforced, need to be combined with domestic anti-corruption strategies in the South. If this opportunity is missed, the risk of investing private capital in marginalised economies perceived to be highly corrupt is further upped, making investment-driven economic growth possibly even less unattainable. 相似文献
174.
为了研究含灭火添加剂细水雾灭火机理,从添加剂对细水雾粒径分布的影响着手,利用全自动表面张力仪、实时喷雾激光粒度仪对含不同添加剂的细水雾粒径分布进行了研究。结果表明:磷酸二氢铵和尿素使水的表面张力略有增加,氟表面活性剂(Fc-134)和碳氢表面活性剂(APG)以及由4种添加剂组成的复合添加剂使水的表面张力大幅降低;磷酸二氢铵使粒径为2.09~26.23μm的雾滴数略有减少,粒径为31.06~462.33μm的雾滴数略有增加;氟表面活性剂(Fc-134)使粒径为8.05~22.16μm的雾滴数增加,粒径为22.17~278.64μm的雾滴数减少,粒径为278.65~1075.09μm的雾滴完全消失;碳氢表面活性剂(APG)使粒径为2.09~31.06μm的雾滴数减少,粒径为36.77~141.86μm的雾滴数增加;而复合添加剂使粒径为2.09~31.06μm的雾滴数减少,粒径为36.77~198.82μm的雾滴数增加。 相似文献
175.
Faheem Aslam 《Defence and Peace Economics》2013,24(6):634-648
Terrorist attacks adversely affect the Pakistani stock market. However, such effect is short-lived: the market recovers from terrorist shocks in one day. The impact of attack depends on the locations and types of attack. The more severe the attack (i.e. more people killed), the more negative is the KSE-100 index return. Most interestingly, stock market contains information about future attacks. In sum, different tactics of terrorists have varied effects on financial markets, which in turn can predict terrorist attacks. 相似文献
176.
在总脉冲量确定的情形下,在启控时间、总脉冲数、最小点火时间间隔及点火阈值等脉冲参数对末修弹落点散布的影响进行详细分析的基础上,利用数值仿真的方法,对比例导引模式、抛物线导引模式、落点预测导引模式、弹道追踪导引模式和zx导引模式等常用导引模式下的脉冲参数优化进行深入分析研究. 相似文献
177.
178.
none 《Arms and Armour》2013,10(2):114-118
AbstractThe historic displays at the Tower Armouries underwent two significant rearrangements during the nineteenth century. Undertaken by two noted antiquarian scholars, Dr Samuel Meyrick in 1826 and James Robertson Planché in 1868, the underlying circumstances that led up to these developments have not been fully considered; neither has the role played by the Storekeeper’s Department at the Tower in this process. Yet at precisely the same time as these changes were being made the Storekeeper’s Department was becoming more expert in its own collections, acquiring new objects, conducting research, and playing an active part in the scholarly and museological developments of Victorian Britain. 相似文献
179.
孙建军 《中国人民武装警察部队学院学报》2013,(11):45-47
消防诉讼是消防生态的有机构成部分.消防事业社会化进程的加快,势必引发更多的涉消防诉讼案件.这些案件中既有因消防执法引起的消防行政诉讼,也有因灭火救援等引起的消防民事诉讼.对消防行政诉讼的类型、消防行政执法中易引发行政诉讼的问题、做好消防行政执法工作的措施等问题进行了探析. 相似文献
180.