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61.
Fritz Nganje 《African Security Review》2017,26(3):271-287
While global consensus on the meaning and application of the responsibility to protect (R2P) principle remains tenuous, there is little contention among major actors that the development of the norm should prioritise the prevention of mass atrocities. In particular, Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) – which have a role to play that is vital to the future development of R2P as a global norm but which continue to express reservations about the intent and application of the doctrine – have been strong advocates of the preventive aspects of the principle. This rhetorical consensus, however, belies the conceptual and practical challenges that are associated with the prevention of mass atrocities. In this paper, the example of South Africa’s post-conflict reconstruction and development (PCRD) interventions in South Sudan from 2005 to 2013 is used to reflect on the role of external actors in supporting conflict-affected states to implement the preventive aspects of R2P. It is argued that while South Africa, like other BRICS countries, has used the rhetoric that atrocity prevention should be at the core of R2P to legitimise its opposition to military intervention for humanitarian purposes, it has struggled to back this rhetoric with coherent strategies and concrete actions to prevent mass atrocity crimes within its sphere of influence. The gap between rhetoric and practice in the preventive aspects of R2P is not unique to South Africa, but highlights fundamental difficulties inherent to global efforts to prevent mass atrocities. 相似文献
62.
Jon Strandquist 《Defense & Security Analysis》2017,33(2):79-93
Assumed in the long-standing debate over which agency, CIA or the Department of Defense, should conduct US paramilitary operations is the idea that these organizations’ paramilitary programs are fundamentally the same kinds of things. This article questions that assumption by investigating the organizational forms underlying these agencies’ paramilitary programs in four empirical cases drawn from South Vietnam and post-9/11 Afghanistan. A typology is constructed around two identified organizational forms: “franchising” for CIA vs. “company ownership” for the US Army Special Forces. Different paramilitary organizational forms are found to have significant operational implications that should inform the paramilitary transfer debate. 相似文献
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为解决燃油喷射系统参数优化中高效寻求全局最优解问题,综合响应面设计和遗传算法的优点和不足,采用多项式响应面模型代替原始遗传算法中计算量庞大的目标特性分析模型,建立了多项式响应面模型和遗传算法相结合的参数优化方法。结合非线性规划的凸性分析证明了遗传算法在预定优化区间内全局最优解的唯一性。对优化匹配后的喷射参数进行了模拟计算,结果表明:优化后柴油机油耗降低了1.96g/(kW·h),功率上升了0.99%,排气温度降低了21.86℃。表明该方法具有简单可靠、优化效率高等特点。 相似文献
65.
为优化楔块式单向超越离合器的结构参数,根据漂浮式微型波力发电装置对超越离合器的要求,建立楔块式超越离合器结构参数的数学模型。以体积最小为优化目标,建立接触疲劳强度和各个尺寸的约束条件,并利用Matlab软件的优化工具箱求解数学模型。最后将常规设计参数和优化设计参数进行比较,结果表明:优化设计的体积只有常规设计的72.33%;漂浮式发电装置的传动系统结构更加紧凑,质量更轻。 相似文献
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Sungil Kim Heeyoung Kim Jye‐Chyi Lu Michael J. Casciato Martha A. Grover Dennis W. Hess Richard W. Lu Xin Wang 《海军后勤学研究》2015,62(2):127-142
In the field of nanofabrication, engineers often face unique challenges in resource‐limited experimental budgets, the sensitive nature of process behavior with respect to controllable variables, and highly demanding tolerance requirements. To effectively overcome these challenges, this article proposes a methodology for a sequential design of experiments through batches of experimental runs, aptly named Layers of Experiments with Adaptive Combined Design (LoE/ACD). In higher layers, where process behavior is less understood, experimental regions cover more design space and data points are more spread out. In lower layers, experimental regions are more focused to improve understanding of process sensitivities in a local, data‐rich environment. The experimental design is a combination of a space‐filling and an optimal design with a tuning parameter that is dependent on the amount of information accumulated over the various layers. The proposed LoE/ACD method is applied to optimize a carbon dioxide (epet‐CO2) assisted deposition process for fabricating silver nanoparticles with pressure and temperature variables. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 62: 127–142, 2015 相似文献
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介绍了俄罗斯舰载指控系统的发展历史,分析研究了俄罗斯新一代指控系统的体系结构。以俄罗斯某新型指控系统为案例,介绍了其硬件和软件功能设计思想。 相似文献
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基于相对运动理论提出拦截中段制导方法。方法原理为,将拦截器初始轨迹与施加修正后的轨迹视为一主一从两空间目标,以相对运动理论描述从目标相对于主目标的运动规律,于是初始的修正量可由终点处相对状态求解。给出了一般形式的相对运动模型,运用几何法与变分法推导得到了J2摄动影响下相对运动的状态转移矩阵,在此基础上,提出了采用状态转移矩阵的拦截中段制导方法。仿真算例表明,提出的方法能够为工程实际中的拦截中段制导提供有效支持。 相似文献