The Pitfalls of Cross-National Comparison in Conflict Research

Professor Joseph Soeters shows admirable ambition in comparing national styles of conflict resolution and is extremely eager to draw historical lessons from such comparative exercises. However, he gets entangled in national mythmaking as he underestimates the complexity of comparative history of this kind. Particularly the establishment of true causal links between national (strategic) cultures and actual tactical behaviour on the ground is far more difficult than he suggests in his recent book chapter and his reply to my article in this journal.     

‘Clean’ bombs: Nuclear technology and nuclear strategy in the 1950s

The idea of ‘clean’ bombs, nuclear weapons with a reduced amount of radioactive fallout resulting from their fission part, has met much ridicule since its public inauguration in 1956. Many scholars have regarded the bombs as a propaganda tool, stopping short of analyzing their role in the transformative phase of US nuclear strategy in the 1950s. This paper reexamines the clean bomb episode through 1958, shedding light upon the dynamic relationship between the development of nuclear weapons technology and the evolution of nuclear strategy from massive retaliation to flexible response. It also discusses the mechanism and momentum of nuclear weapons technology innovation until the US suspended nuclear testing in late 1958.     

MoDTP作锂基润滑脂添加剂的摩擦学性能研究

考察二烷基二硫代磷酸氧钼(Mo DTP)作锂基润滑脂添加剂时的摩擦学性能,并与传统添加剂二硫化钼(Mo S2)进行对比;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及能量色散X射线分析仪(EDX)对长磨后钢球磨斑表面形貌及元素进行观测和分析,探讨Mo DTP的润滑作用机理。结果表明:在不同荷载下,Mo DTP作添加剂比Mo S2具有更好的减摩抗磨性能和更高的PB值,但PD值较低;摩擦过程中Mo DTP与摩擦副表面发生反应,生成了摩擦学性能显著的润滑层。     

Q_2黄土调整吸力的非饱和三轴压缩试验研究

通过对Q2黄土进行调整吸力的非饱和三轴压缩试验,研究了浸水湿化程度对Q2黄土力学特性的影响。试验表明:不同浸水湿化程度的Q2黄土,其应力应变曲线为弱软化型,浸水湿化程度越高,软化程度越弱,浸水湿化至饱和时可近似看作理想硬化型;轴向应变较小时,Q2黄土的天然结构保持良好,应力随应变的增大而增大,随着轴向应变进一步增大,其天然结构逐渐被破坏,应力随之先缓慢上升后逐渐减小直至稳定;浸水湿化会同时引起土体应力状态和土体结构的改变,屈服应力随浸水湿化程度的提高而减小,在浸水湿化接近饱和时屈服应力变化最快,土体结构变化最大;形成年代早的Q2黄土细粒质量分数高,结构特征区别于Q3黄土,因而呈现出不同的力学特征。     

Country Survey XIII: Japan's security posture and defense industry prospects

Defense budgets in Japan have been complicated compromises from numerous inputs ‐ including threat perceptions, domestic industrial/technological base development, support for the bilateral security treaty with the United States and internal bureaucratic politics ‐ but with the fall of the former Soviet Union, the clearest justification for higher spending disappeared. Double‐digit defense spending increases that were common in the 1980s have been replaced by annual increases lower than present inflation rates, resulting in negative real growth in the country's defense budget. Domestic economic problems and consistent government pressures for smaller budgets have further slowed annual growth in total spending and have contributed to lower procurement budgets. As a result, the domestic Japanese defense industry is facing far more constrained conditions from the growth years of a decade before.

Government policymakers are examining Japan's regional security environment as well as its alliance with the United States to determine the appropriate course for the country to take in the coming years. The formal security treaty with the United States is likely to remain a major element of government positions, but other aspects of the country's overall security posture are open to debate. Perceptions of a reduced threat environment are fueling additional pressures for defense budget cuts.

The domestic defense industry seeks means to assure its survival in domestic defense markets in this constrained environment. Expansion into overseas markets to offset declining domestic markets is an option that currently is constrained by policy restrictions on arms exports. Industry is advocating re‐examination of those policies and unlike earlier years, government appears willing to respond positively but cautiously to this lobbying.     

建筑太阳能光电热一体化系统的瞬态性能模拟

利用TRNSYS软件对重庆夏季建筑屋顶太阳能光电热一体化系统进行瞬态模拟分析计算,得到系统瞬时发电量与一段时间内累计发电量,光电热模块瞬时进出水温度与太阳能平板集热器瞬时进出水温度,系统一段时间内光电热模块累计有效得热量与一段时间内太阳能平板集热器累计有效得热量,系统的光电转换效率、光热转换效率以及太阳能综合利用效率。结果表明,建筑屋顶太阳能光电热一体化系统是重庆地区建筑太阳能光电热一体化系统适宜的型式。     

递归划分的标签约束可达性计算方法

现实世界中的图往往在结点和边上包含描述信息,可达性查询是图数据管理和挖掘中的基本操作之一。针对图数据中标签约束的可达性计算问题,提出一种基于递归划分的可达性计算方法 RP-Hop。该算法基于层次划分思想,利用独立集性质,在保持标签和可达性前提下对大规模图进行递归划分,并结合贪婪扩展思想和递归编码,为标签约束的可达性查询提供压缩索引。经过合成和真实数据集上的实验,结果表明,RP-Hop算法不仅降低了索引大小和构建时间,而且提高了查询效率。     

‘Full spectrum dominance’: Donald Rumsfeld,the Department of Defense,and US irregular warfare strategy, 2001–2008

This article examines the evolution of US irregular warfare (IW) doctrine and practice from 2001 onwards. It argues that, after 9/11, top-tier civilian policymakers in the US Department of Defense (DoD) and across the US government developed a heightened awareness of asymmetric threats and non-conventional forms of warfare, especially those shaped by contemporary globalisation. The result was a gradual turn towards irregular warfare, led by Rumsfeld and the DoD, designed to ensure ‘full spectrum dominance’ across all modes of conflict. This pre-dated the insurgency in Iraq and the promotion of counterinsurgency in the US Army by General David Petraeus and others. Policymakers' reluctance to acknowledge the insurgency in Iraq was not down to a failure to understand the concept of IW, but because they had viewed Iraq in conventional terms for so many years and were reluctant to admit their mistake.     

面向恶劣环境的高效P2P网络拓扑维护方法

互联网逐渐成为现代社会的重要信息基础设施。Peer-to-Peer(P2P)技术是近年来兴起的一种分布式互联网计算技术,具有广阔的应用前景。FissionE是一种基于Kautz图的结构化P2P覆盖网,具有较高的路由性能。针对恶劣环境下结点失效导致的FissionE拓扑维护性能较差的问题,文章对FissionE的P2P拓扑维护方法进行改进,其基本思想是:直接由门结点产生ZONE消息,避免传统FissionE的ZONE消息产生机制带来的维护开销,从而在恶劣环境下获得更好的拓扑维护性能。     

分布式指挥控制决策冲突问题的一致性模型

基于复合标度的二元语义评价方法,提出了一种用于分布式指挥控制决策冲突问题的一致性模型。该模型首先对决策者的一致程度进行判断;其次,测量出个人与整体的偏好偏差,并由模型中的反馈机制提出相关反馈建议;最后通过算例表明该模型可以较好解决决策过程中由于个人认知不同而产生的冲突问题。