Life in the “Gray Zone”: observations for contemporary strategists

The term “Gray Zone” is gaining in popularity as a way of describing contemporary security challenges. This article describes the “short-of-war” strategies – the fait accompli, proxy warfare, and the exploitation of ambiguous deterrence situations, i.e. “salami tactics” – that are captured by the term and offers several explanations for why state and non-state actors are drawn to these strategies. The analysis highlights why defense postures based on deterrence are especially vulnerable to the short-of-war strategies that populate the “Gray Zone.” The article concludes by suggesting how defense officials might adapt defense policies to life in the “Gray Zone.”     

电子对抗装备发展的历史回顾与经验

半个多世纪以来,军队电子对抗装备走过了一条艰苦奋斗、不断调整适应的道路,装备发展建设取得辉煌成就。历史经验启示我们,必须准确把握装备发展的需求牵引,极力突破装备发展的核心技术,科学谋划装备发展的总体设计,大力弘扬装备发展的先进军事文化。     

天线波束对飞机射频隐身性能的影响分析

射频隐身是新一代军用飞机必须具备的重要能力。从隐身飞机的实际使用环境出发,针对以往只考虑个体对抗特性,采用Schleher截获因子评价飞机射频隐身性能的不足,提出了基于整体对抗特性,采用联合截获概率评估射频隐身性能的新方法,为射频隐身研究提供了新思路。通过对隐身飞机的射频使用环境建模,计算了天线波束的空、地覆盖区大小,结合联合截获概率的定义和计算方法,仿真了不同情况下天线波束宽度对联合截获概率的影响。根据仿真结果,分析了天线波束对飞机射频隐身性能的影响,其结论可为隐身飞机天线设计时的折中考虑提供基础和参考依据。     

Electronic warfare in the optical band: Main features,examples and selected measurement data

The paper presents the possibilities of, and methods for, acquiring, analysing and processing optical signals in order to recognise, identify and counteract threats on the contemporary battleground. The main ways electronic warfare is waged in the optical band of the electromagnetic wave spectrum have been formulated, including the acquisition of optical emitter signatures, as well as ultraviolet (UV) and thermal (IR) signatures. The physical parameters and values describing the emission of laser radiation are discussed, including their importance in terms of creating optical signatures. Moreover, it has been shown that in the transformation of optical signals into signatures, only their spectral and temporal parameters can be applied. This was confirmed in experimental part of the paper, which includes our own measurements of spectral and temporal emission characteristics for three types of binocular laser rangefinders. It has been further shown that through simple registration and quick analysis involving comparison of emission time parameters in the case of UV signatures in “solar-blind” band, various events can be identified quickly and faultlessly. The same is true for IR signatures, where the amplitudes of the recorded signal for several wavelengths are compared. This was confirmed experimentally for UV signatures by registering and then analyzing signals from several events during military exercises at a training ground, namely Rocket Propelled Grenade (RPG) launches and explosions after hitting targets, trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosions, firing armour-piercing, fin-stabilised, discarding sabots (APFSDS) or high explosive (HE) projectiles. The final section describes a proposed model database of emitters, created as a result of analysing and transforming the recorded signals into optical signatures.     

随机性理论在情报监视侦察建模中的应用

情报、监视、侦察(ISR)建模是战役级作战仿真建模的重点和难点,在仿真中不仅要求ISR模型能够准确地反映战场空间实体之间的感知交互,同时还要有较高的运行速度。为了解决此问题,以随机性理论为基础进行情报监视侦察的建模仿真,以区域侦察飞行器图像情报的建模全流程为例,阐述其主要环节的建模方法,并通过仿真实验验证了该套建模方法的适用性和有效性。与传统的确定性ISR建模方法相比,该方法在保证仿真精度的同时提高了运行效率,为战役级作战仿真中C4ISR建模与仿真提供了参考方法。     

面向对象的复杂作战仿真系统概念模型设计

以面向对象的方法为基础,通过概念模型设计来描述复杂作战仿真系统,实现问题域的表达。首先分析了概念模型的表达要素;进而以面向实体的技术对概念模型的各主要组成部分进行标识,并用系列规范的图和表格来表示这一过程。可以看出,这种构造概念模型的技术是符合日益增长的军事需求的,并具有一定的参考价值。     

电子战系统效能的模糊评估方法

电子战装备的系统作战效能分析一直是个较为复杂的问题。在阐述电子战系统作战效能概念的基础上,根据电子战装备的分类,建立了电子战系统效能评估的指标评价体系框架,对电子对抗装备中较为重要的侦察、干扰设备效能评估指标进行了分析。对基于模糊数学综合评判和层次分析法理论的电子战系统作战效能评估的研究作了较为详细的分析,并进行了应用仿真。     

国外先进战斗机电子对抗系统的发展

首先介绍国外F-22和F-35为代表的先进战斗机的电子战系统和其他欧洲先进战斗机的电子战系统等发展情况。对未来战斗机电子战系统的综合特点和基本功能进行了比较详细的分析和描述,最后叙述了未来战斗机的航空电子系统将设计成为一体化共平台,电子战系统与一体化的航空电子系统融合成为一个功能系统,并描述了这种先进的电子战系统的作战能力。     

战场赛博空间电子战应用研究

首先阐述和分析了赛博空间和电子战的概念和特点,给出了电子战在赛博空间中的定位。然后探讨了电子战在赛博空间中的应用,给出了电子战在赛博空间中可能应用的几大方面。最后总结了赛博空间电子战面临的关键技术与挑战。     

网络中心战对潜艇作战指挥的影响

网络中心战是由美军提出的一种在信息化战争中的作战模式,通过分析网络中心战的概念框架结构,得出在网络中心战条件下军队应该具备的三种能力.同时潜艇作为信息化海战中的主要作战平台,网络中心战理论的提出改变了潜艇传统的作战模式,对我海军潜艇作战指挥和装备的发展有着重要的参考价值.