Africa's toy soldiers,non-state armed groups,and ‘voluntary’ recruitment

Armed conflict on the African continent has witnessed increasing recruitment of child soldiers, often at the hands of non-state armed groups. Unfortunately this practice continues unabated in the face of legal obligations prohibiting the recruitment of child soldiers under international humanitarian law, and international and regional human rights law. While international condemnation of the practice has led to attempts to increase the minimum age for recruitment to 18, a disjuncture persists between the legal obligations states sign up to, and the actual enforcement of these prohibitions at a domestic level.

International criminal law jurisprudence emanating from the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the International Criminal Court is being monitored closely, as these courts seek to enforce the prohibition in all armed conflicts, and against both state actors and non-state armed groups. International humanitarian law only protects child soldiers who have been unlawfully recruited. In this piece, the authors take a closer look at what amounts to unlawful recruitment in light of customary international humanitarian law, since this body of law also binds non-state actors, even without further criminalising legislation at a domestic level. Moreover, the article briefly explores whether a child can ever void this protected status by volunteering to participate directly in hostilities.     

Reforming the notion of national sovereignty by external intervention

In principle, national sovereignty is the right of a nation to govern its internal affairs without foreign interference. In practice, it is defined by one's interpretation of international law, which may permit legal external intervention under some circumstances, ultimately removing a nation's sovereignty. This paper will examine the current system of international law outlined by the United Nations, analyse the ambiguities contained within its Charter and elaborate on how external intervention can be justified. The case-study of recent developments related to Libya will demonstrate that the manner in which international law is interpreted is changing the notion of principles of sovereignty.     

基于战法仿真综合集成研讨厅的专家行为研究

针对战法仿真实验的复杂性及其仿真可信度要求,结合基于战法仿真实验的综合集成研讨厅平台,分析了专家在战法仿真实验中的地位和作用,研究提出了仿真实验中专家的行为要求和规范,为基于战法仿真综合集成研讨厅的创新应用提供了理论和方法。经应用证明,该方法可以有效地提高战法仿真过程的透明度和仿真实验结果的可信度。具有很强的适应性和实用性。     

Unrestricted warfare: Review essay I

During the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), France chose to support Biafra, but only on a limited scale, providing mercenaries and obsolete weaponry to Ojukwu's regime. General Charles de Gaulle's assistance to Ojukwu was conditioned by the French military drawdown after 1961, the increased power of French secret services on the continent, and the interventions in Katanga (1960–1963), Gabon (1964) and Chad (1968–1972). France supported Biafra primarily to protect its former colonies from Nigeria, stop Soviet subversion and acquire an economic foothold in the oil-rich Niger Delta. De Gaulle chose a limited strategy for two reasons. If Biafra won the war, France would be Biafra's greatest ally. If Nigeria won the war, France could extricate itself from the situation relatively easily and re-establish relations with the Nigerian government, which is what ultimately occurred.     

抗毁网络多拓扑路由子层的免疫优化选择算法

针对现有多拓扑路由在多故障条件下无法有效进行故障恢复的现象,根据免疫理论中抗原与抗体相匹配的原理,提出一种多拓扑路由子层选择算法.该算法以最大限度保护通信业务为目标,将多故障情形与子层相匹配的过程看作抗体与抗原相结合的过程,使子层与故障在一定范围内最大程度地相似,并利用人工免疫算法进行寻优,提高了网络抗毁性.实验结果表明,该算法可使网络在多故障条件下的恢复能力得到提高.     

Deconsolidation and combustion performance of thermally consolidated propellants deterred by multi-layers coating

Both heating and solvent-spray methods are used to consolidate the standard grains of double-base oblate sphere propellants plasticized with triethyleneglycol dinitrate (TEGDN) (TEGDN propellants) to high density propellants. The obtained consolidated propellants are deterred and coated with the slow burning multi-layer coating. The maximum compaction density of deterred and coated consolidated propellants can reach up to 1.39 g/cm³. Their mechanic, deconsolidation and combustion performances are tested by the materials test machine, interrupted burning set-up and closed vessel, respectively. The static compression strength of consolidated propellants deterred by multi-layer coating increases significantly to 18 MPa, indicating that they can be applied in most circumstances of charge service. And the samples are easy to deconsolidate in the interrupted burning test. Furthermore, the closed bomb burning curves of the samples indicate a two-stage combustion phenomenon under the condition of certain thickness of coated multi-layers. After the outer deterred multi-layer coating of consolidated samples is finished burning, the inner consolidated propellants continue to burn and breakup into aggregates and grains. The high burning progressivity can be carefully obtained by the smart control of deconsolidation process and duration of consolidated propellants. The preliminary results of consolidated propellants show that a rapid deconsolidation process at higher deconsolidation pressure is presented in the dynamic vivacity curves of closed bomb test. Higher density and higher macro progressivity of consolidated propellants can be obtained by the techniques in this paper.     

含非线性介质Fabry-Perot腔混沌研究

根据混沌动力学的基本理论 ,计算了含非线性介质Fabry Perot腔动力学方程在其参数下的Lya punov指数分布图。利用Lyapunov指数和动力学特性的对应关系 ,分析出非线性Fabry Perot腔在各种参数下的动力学特性、稳态参数区域面积和混沌转换机制     

基于电磁涡旋的雷达目标成像

作为信息载体的电磁波除了传统的携带信息方式外,近年来其波前以电磁涡旋形式展现的信息调制能力也越来越受到关注。本文综述了电磁涡旋在信息调制等方面的研究进展,阐述了其在雷达信息获取方面的潜在应用价值。针对圆形相控阵列,建立了电磁涡旋波照射下理想点散射目标的回波模型。将各阵元的接收信号按照与发射时相同的模式移相后,沿圆周积分即可获得雷达阵列的输出回波。该回波可表示为经平方Bessel函数调幅后的傅里叶基函数的线性组合。结合Bessel函数的频谱特性,分析了轨道角动量态与方位角变量之间的近似对偶关系,利用逆投影和滤波-傅里叶变换方法进行了成像处理。仿真实验表明,电磁涡旋对雷达目标具有方位向成像的潜力。本文的研究可为新体制的雷达设计、目标识别技术的发展提供参考和借鉴。     

一种新的高分辨率ADC有效位数测试方法

谱分析法和正弦拟合法是ADC动态特性测试的两种常用方法。但在测试信号源信噪比较低的情况下,两种方法的测试结果都存在较大的偏差。提出了一种新的ADC动态性能测试方法,该方法能较好消除信号源对测量结果的影响,使得在普通信号源下可以测试高分辨率的ADC。仿真分析证明了这一测试方法的正确性。最后给出了采用该方法对一ADC系统的实测结果。     

正弦波调制的光纤环本征频率测量方法

为了弥补传统光纤环本征频率测量方法中方波调制存在死区的缺陷,提出正弦波调制的本征频率测量方法。对正弦波调制下的光纤陀螺输出信号进行分析,得到二次谐波幅度与调制频率间的二次函数关系,通过计算抛物线顶点即可求得本征频率。依据该原理对已有的光纤陀螺进行升级改造,研制了一套本征频率测量系统。试验结果表明:该方法可达到1×10-5的测量精度,是一种成本低、精度高的光纤环本征频率测量方法。